英国文学简史 概述Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Utopia《乌托邦》

FrancisBacon:

Essays《论说文集》或《随笔》：

“Knowledgeispower”----Bacon

EdmundSpencer:

FaerieQueen《仙后》

“Oursweetestsongsarethosethatsingofsaddestfeelings.”---Spencer

“OdetotheWestWind”:

Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?

---PercyByssheShelley

★Chapter1Renaissance

TheRenaissance:

TheRenaissanceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.

Humanism（人文主义）

HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.“Manisthemeasureofallthings.”ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.

MainstreamofLiteraryForms

IntheearlystageoftheRenaissance,poetryandpoeticdramawerethemostoutstandingliteraryformsandtheywerecarriedonespeciallybyShakespeareandBenJonson.TheElizabethandrama,initstotality,istherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.

EdmundSpenser:

thePoets’poetforhisidealism,loveofbeautyandexquisitemelody

EdmundrecordedhislamentsoverthelossofRosalindinTheShepherd’sCalendar.（牧人日记）.

TheFaerieQueene

FivemainqualitiesofSpenser'

spoetry

1）aperfectmelody;

2）araresenseofbeauty;

3）asplendidimagination;

4）aloftymoralpurityandseriousness

5）adedicatedidealism.

SpenserianStanza：

Anine-linestanzawiththefollowingrhymescheme:

ababbabcc.Thefirsteightlinesarewritteniniambicpentameter.Theninthlineiswritteniniambichexameterandiscalledanalexandrine.

thefirstmajorEnglishessayist;

founderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophy

Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness

“OfStudies”

OfStudiesisthemostpopularofBacon’s58essays.Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor,thedifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,andhowstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.Forcefulandpersuasive,compactandprecise,OfStudiesrevealstousBacon’smatureattitudetowardslearning

ChristopherMarlowe:

themostgiftedofthe"

UniversityWits"

composedsixplays.

Dr.Faustus（Germanlegendofamagician）

Dr.FaustusisthegreatestofMarlowe’splays,inwhichtheoldGermanlegendisfreelyreshaped.Faustusisagreatscholarwhohasastrongdesiretoacquireallkindsofknowledge.Heisboredofhispresentstudyontheacademiccurriculumandturnstoblackmagic.ByconjurationhecallsupMephistophilis,theDevil'

sservant.FaustusmakesabondtosellhissoultotheDevilinreturnfortwenty-fouryearsoflifeinwhichhemayhavetheservicesofMephistophilistogivehimeverythinghedesires.

“ThepassionateShepherdtohislove”

ThispoemisconsideredtobeoneofthemostbeautifullyricsinEnglishliterature.Itderivesfromthepastoraltradition,inwhichtheshepherdenjoysanidealcountrylife,cherishingapastoralandpureaffectionforhislove.Strongemotionisconveyedthroughthebeautyofnaturewhereloversarenotdisturbedbyworldlyconcern

Marlowe’sAchievements

Marlowe'

sgreatestachievementliesinthatheperfectedtheblankverse（无韵体诗）andmadeittheprincipalmediumofEnglishdrama.

Marlowe’ssecondachievementishiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.（Mindhisthreemajorplays:

DoctorFaustus---thirstforknowledge;

TheJewofMalta---thirstforwealth;

Tamburline---thirstforpower）

WilliamShakespeare（1564-1616）:

Dramatist,actor,andpoet

Mainworks:

37plays,154sonnets,2narrativepoems（VenusandAdonis,andTheRapeofLucrece）,

4GreatTragedies:

Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth（RomeoandJuliet）

4GreatComedies:

AMidsummerNight’sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,AsyoulikeIt,TwelfthNight.

CommentsonShakespeare:

CarlMarx:

“AeschylusandShakespearearethetwogreatestdramaticgeniustheworldhaseverknown.”

BenJonson:

“Hedoesnotbelongtoonetime,butbelongstoalltimes.”

WilliamShakespeare’swritingfeature

Aplayintheplay.

BorrowplotsfromotherstoriessuchasRoman,Greekandancientmyth.

Severalthreadsrunningthroughtheplay.

Combinationoftragicandcomicelements.

WilliamShakespeare’swritingstyle

1.Tremendousvocabulary（16,000words,inventedwords）

2.Literarydevices（alliteration,simile,metaphor）

3.Usepoetryinhisplay

WilliamShakespeare’shumanisticideas

1.Againstcrueltyandanti-naturalcharacterofcivilwars

2.Againstreligiouspersecution,racialdiscrimination,socialinequality.

3.Hatesrebellionanddespisesdemocracy

ThemesinShakespeare’ssonnets

1.Expressloveandpraisetoayoungman

2.Immortalizebeautythroughverses

3.Friendshiporbetrayaloffriendship

Sonnet

Origin:

Italy

Mostfamousandinfluentialsonneteer:

Petrach（PetrachanSonnets:

8lines:

abbaabba;

6lines:

cdecde,sometimescdcdcd.Noclosingcouplet）

SelectedReadingofShakespeare:

1.Sonnet18:

a.LadiesintheeyesofShakespearearenotgoodandbeautiful.Hiswifeis8yearsolderthanhim.

b.Iambicpentameter:

Apoeticlineconsistingoffiveversefeet,witheachfootaniamb—thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.IambicpentameteristhemostcommonverselineinEnglishpoetry.

c.Mainideas:

i.Quatrain1:

praisethebeautyoftheyoungman

ii.Quatrain2:

changesinlifeandnature

iii.Quatrain3:

“your”beautywilllastforever

iv.Couplet:

“your”beautywillliveinmypoem.AnImmortalbeauty

d.Hissonnet18expressesthatbeautifulthingscanrelyontheforceofliteraturetoreacheternity.

Literatureiscreatedbyman,thusitdeclaresman’seternity.Thepoemshowsthemightyself-confidenceofthenewlyclass.Thevivid,variableandrichimagesreflectthelivelyandadventurousspiritsofthosewhowereopeningnewworld.

2.ThecharacteranalysisofHamlet

Hamletisascholarandawarrior.

Hisfatherhasbeenkilledbyhisuncle,Claudius,whothentakesthethroneandmarrieshismother.Hamletisinformedbytheghostofhisfathertotakerevenge,buttheweaknessofindecisivenessorindeterminationinhischaracteralwaysdelayhisaction,andfinallyleadstohistragicfallofdeath.（ThereasonmightalsobeexplainedthroughtheemploymentofOedipalComplex恋母情节）

Hamletisnotamanofaction,butamanofthinkingatfirst.Hehesitatesatsomecrucialmoments.Atlastwhenheisforcedtotakesomeactions,hedoeskillClaudiusgloriously,buthealsosacrificeshisownlife.

Otherimportantdetails:

Sidney:

ApologyforPoetry.

★Chapter2TheRevolutionandtheNeoclassicalPeriod（1600-1798）

Theageofreasonandenlightenment.It’saturbulentperiod.

1660TheRestoration1665TheGreatPlague---BlackDeath.70,000died,2/3homeless.

1688TheGloriousRevolution.Britishcolonies（Abroad）;

ActsofEnclosure（圈地运动）

（Athome）;

TheEnlightenmentMovement（启蒙运动）

JamesIIexiledabroad.ThepersecutionofProtestants.JamesII’sdaughterMarryandherhusbandWilliamturnedbacktoEnglandasfigurehead（KingandQueen）withoutpower.PowerwasintheParliament.EnglandbecamethefirstcapitalistcountrywithConstitutionalmonarchy,whichmarkedtheendoffeudalsociety.

IndustrialRevolution（romanticperiod）---atthe2ndhalfof18c

Preparationsfortherevolution

1.money---bytradingcompanies,e.g.EastIndiaCompany

---bymoneyinvestment

2.goods,materials---colonies,e.g.India,NorthAmerica

3.manpower---“ActofEnclosure”.Thelandlessandhomeless