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•我回家时看见一个男孩子和一个女孩子。
男孩子拿着一本书,女孩子抱着一个洋娃娃。
•Aboyisalwaysaboy.
•孩子总是孩子。
Comparisonofthewordform
•Chinese:
isolatedlanguage;
analyticlanguage
•English:
inflectionallanguage;
syntheticlanguage
ThewordformationofEnglish
•Affixation缀合法
•Conversion转化法
•Compounding复合法
ThewordformationofChinese
•CompoundingisthemainwayforChinesewordformation,althoughtherearecertainnumberof“affixes”inChinese,suchas“阿”,“子”etc.
Thesimilaritiesinthecompoundingofthetwolanguages
•主谓式
•E.g.sunrise,heartbreak,地震,头痛
•动宾式
•pickpocket,行政,关心
•修饰限定关系
•raindrop,watchdog,白糖,夕阳,铅笔
Thedifferencesofthecompoundingofthetwolanguages
•1.汉语复合词大多数是并列关系,与英语复合词相比,这是一个典型特征
•同义联合:
海洋、文学、追逐、贯穿
•反义联合:
始终、甘苦、呼吸、供求
•类义联合:
尺寸、斤两、江山、穿戴
2.汉语中还有两种独特的合成词构成方式
•2.1表示属概念的词加上修饰语素就可以形成一个词族。
2.2以某一语素为出发点,与一系列语素合成一个语义相关的词族
•1.1.2Wordswithmorethanonepartofspeech
•InChinesemostofthewordsfunctionasonepartofspeech,withonlyafewbeingusedasmorethanonepartofspeech.ButinEnglishthingsarequitedifferent:
commonwordsoftenhavemorethanonepartofspeech.
Examples
•Chinesewordswithmulti-partofspeech
•报告(v.)非洲之行/一个生动的报告(n.)
•很活跃(adj.)/活跃(v.)了市场
•一个完整的系统(n.)/很系统(adj.)
•Englishwordswithmulti-partofspeech
•loose
•aloosebuttonadj.
•Heloosedthestrapsthatboundherarms.v.
•Threeprisonersarestillontheloose.n.
•down
•Heisnotdownyet.adj.
•She’llcomedownandseeyou.adv.
•Hewalkeddownthestreet.prep.
•Theydownedthreeenemy’splanes.v.
•We’llshareupsanddownswithyou.n.
•1.1.3Therelationshipbetweenthepartofspeechandthepartofasentence
•InChineseawordwithonepartofspeechcanbeusedasmanydifferentpartsofasentence.Forexample,theword“简朴”isanadjectiveinChinese,whichcanbeusedasanattribute,oranadverbial,orasubject,oranobjectorapredicateofsentences.Lookatthefollowingsentences.
•他过着简朴的生活。
•他简朴地生活着。
•简朴是美德。
•我们主张简朴。
•他的服装简朴。
•InEnglishawordwithonepartofspeechcannotfunctionasmanypartsofasentenceasthatinChinese.Ifawordfunctionsasdifferentpartinsentences,itspartofspeechhastotransferfromoneintotheother.
•Shegotafright.(anounusedasanobject)
•Thenoisefrightenedme.(averbusedasapredicate)
•Itwasafrightfulstorm.(anadjectiveusedasanattribute)
1.1.4Reflectionsintranslation
•OnlyverbscanfunctionasapredicateinanEnglishsentence,soverbsarethekeyelementofthesentence.AsentencedoesnotexistifthereisnoverbinitinEnglish.ButinChinese,adjectivesornounscanfunctionasthepredicatebesidesverbs.Therefore,whilerenderingfromChineseintoEnglish,translatorshavetoaddaverbfunctioningasthepredicateoftheEnglishtranslationwhenthepredicateoftheChinesesentenceisanon-verbalword.
•今天国庆节。
•TodayisNationalDay.
•他很用功。
•Heisverydiligent.
•你妈妈怎么样?
•Howisyourmother?
1.2PluralFormsofaNoun
•1.2.1Pluralformsofanouninthetwolanguages
•WeallknowanounhasitspluralforminEnglish.ButInChinesethereisnopluralformofanoun.Whenwewanttoexpress“fivebooks”inChinese,weonlyputthenumeral“五”togetherwithitssuitablemeasureword“本”beforethenoun“书”toimplythepluralconception.
•1.2.2Reflectionsintranslation
•It’sunnecessarytorenderthepluralformofnounsinEnglishintoChineseinmostcases.
•Stresscanpredisposepeopletoheartattacks.
•紧张容易使人心脏病发作。
•Fewofthetown’sfinebuildingspre-datetheearthquakeof1755.
•该城的精美建筑很少是1755年大地震前建成的。
•Theresultsoftheexperimentconfirmedourpredictions.
•实验的结果证实了我们的预测。
Butsometimes……
•Flowersbloomallovertheyard.
•朵朵鲜花开满了庭院
•Therewererowsofhouseswhichhehadneverseenbefore.
•一排排房子,都是他从来没有见过的。
•Thelionisthekingoftheanimals.
•狮子是百兽之王。
•Themountainsbegantothrowtheirlongblueshadowsoverthevalley.
•群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色长影。
•InEnglish,whenweusethepluralformofanon-humanbeingnoun,wehavetoselectaplural-formpronountoindicatethisnoun.Butwhiletranslatingtheplural-formpronounintoChinese,wehadbetterrepeatthenounorselectanappropriatenouninsteadofchoosingitsequivalent.
•Expenseshadbeengreaterthanshehadcalculated.Theyalwaysare.
•支出的总比她预算的多。
它们总是这样。
情况总是这样。
1.3Tense
•InEnglishthereisacompletesystemofthetransformationofverbsconcerningtense,however,ChineseverbsneverchangetheirformsaccordingtotensewhichisachievedbytheadverbialphraseinChinese.Thus,whentranslatingfromEnglishintoChinese,weusuallyneednotadda“助词”indicatingtheEnglishtense.
•HewenttoShanghailastweek.
•他上星期去上海。
•I’llgotoNewYorktomorrow.
•我明天去纽约。
•Xiaoqianggoestoschooleveryday.
•小强天天去上学。
•*IfthetenseisemphasizedintheEnglishsentence,itmustbedealtwithintheChinesetranslationbyaddingsomewordsindicatingthetime.
•Cokeusedtobeanofficerofarmy,butheisinprisonnow.
•柯克从前是军官,现在是犯人啦。
•It’sbeenyearssinceIskatedlast.NowIcan’tskateasfastasIcould.
•我已经有很多年没有溜冰了。
我现在溜得也不如以前快。
•Theoldmansaid,“Theysayhisfatherwasafisherman.Maybehewasaspoorasweare.”
•老头说:
“听人说,从前他爸爸是个打渔的。
他过去也许和我们现在一样穷。
”
1.4ComplexSentences
•Englishcomplexsentencescanbedividedintoco-ordinatecomplexsentencesandsub-ordinateones.
•Sub-ordinatesentencesareconsistedofnominalclauses,attributiveclausesandadverbialclauses.
Englishcomplexsentences
sub-ordinatesentencesco-ordinatesentences
nominalclauseadverbialclausesattributiveclauses
Subjectiveclausetheadverbialclauseoftime
Objectiveclausetheadverbialclauseofplace
Predicativeclausetheadverbialclauseofpurpose
Appositiveclausetheadverbialclauseofcondition
theadverbialclauseofresult
theadverbialclauseofreason
theadverbialclauseofconcession
theadverbialclauseofaccompany
•Chinesecomplexsentencescanbedividedintofourtypes:
联合复句,偏正复句,多重复句,紧缩复句.
•联合复句由两个以上的分句连接起来,各分句之间的地位是平等的,不分主次,每个分句在意义上没有说明另一个分句的作用。
汉语联合复句类型表
•偏正复句的分句不是平等联合,而是有主有从,主要的分句是全句的正意所在,叫正句。
另外的分句从种种关系上去限制它,说明它,叫偏句。
•偏正复句可分为因果复句;
假设复句;
条件复句;
转折复句;
让步复句;
目的复句和连锁复句。
•多重复句指如果分句本身又是由复句构成,即复句又包含复句。
•如果没有氧,光有氢,或者没有氢,光有氧,都不能搞成水。
•紧缩复句就是分句中关联词或主语省略,使句子更紧凑,实际上还是一种复句。
•坐着听听就长见识。
•我死了也不走。
•你不说我说。
•谁动打死谁。
Reflectionsintranslation
•Englishco-ordinatecomplexsentencesaresimilartoChinesecompoundcomplexsentences“联合复句”.
•Welovepeace,butwearenotafraidofwar.
•我们热爱和平,但也不怕战争。
•Imustbeoffnow,formysisterisexpectingme.
•我该走了,因为姐姐在等我呢。
•TherearenoattributiveandadverbialclauseoftimeinChinesecomplexsentences.Thus,TheEnglishattributiveclausesandtheadverbialclauseoftimecanbetranslatedinaflexibleway.
•DoyouagreetowhatIsaid?
•我的话你同意吗?
(偏正词组作主语)
•Smithrepliedthathewassorry.
•史密斯回答说,他感到遗憾。
(偏正词组作宾语)
•Thepeoplewhoworkedforhimlivedinmortalfearofhim.
•在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。
(介词结构作定语)
•Thenurseslookafterthechildrenwhilethemothersareatwork.
•母亲上班时,保育员照料着孩子。
(偏正词组作状语)
•SomeEnglishcomplexsentencescanbetranslatedintoChinesecondensedsentences(紧缩复句)inordertomaketheChinesetranslationconcise.
•IfIseehim,Iwillspeaktohim.
•见到他我就告诉他。
•Sinceithasbeendecided,let’sstartnow.
•决定了就开始干吧。
•I’llletyouknowassoonasitisarranged.
•
(一)安排好就通知你。
2.TheComparativeStudyoftheExpressionHabitsinEnglishandChinese
•2.1Pronouns
•PronounsareusuallylessfrequentlyusedthantheyareinEnglish.Readthefollowingpassagesandstudythefrequencyofpronouns.
•Question:
HowmanypronounsareusedintheChineseandtheEnglishpassage?
Whatarethey?
•代词:
代替名词、动词、形容词、数词或量词的词。
如:
•我、你、他、谁、什么、这样、那么些等等。
柯灵,生于1909,浙江省绍兴人,中国现代作家,1926年发表第一篇作品,叙事诗《织布的妇人》,1930年任《儿童时代》编辑,1949年以前一直在上海从事报纸编辑工作,并积极投入电影、话剧运动,解放后,曾任《文汇报》副总编辑,现任上海电影局顾问。
•KeLingwasborninShaoxing,ZhejiangProvince,in1969.HeisamodernChinesewriter.Hisfirstwriting,anarrativepoem“TheWomanWeaver”appearedin1926.Hewasoneoftheeditorsof“Children’sTimes”from1930onwards.Before1949hewasalllongengagedineditorialworkinnewspaperofficesandtookallactivepartinactivitiesoffilmandmoderndramainShanghai.Afterliberationhefilledthepostofdeputyeditorinchiefof“Wenhuibao”foraperiod.HeisatpresentadviserofShanghaiFilmBureau.
•WhenwetranslatetheEnglishpassageintoChinese,wecanomitpronounsinthetranslation.AndwehadtoaddpronounswhiletranslatingfromChineseintoEnglish.
•Aswediscussourdifferences,neitherofuswillcompromiseourprinciples.Butwhilewecannotcloseth