上海中考英语各语法点基础考点归纳.doc
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冠词
一、固定词组
1.有些固定词组中有the:
inthemiddleof,gotothecinema/movies,playtheviolin/piano/guitar,intheend,thesame
2.有些词组中不用任何冠词:
bybus,playfootball,playchess,gotoschool,gotobed,atfirst,loseweight
3.有些词组中加a:
catchabus,inahurry,takeawalk,
二、专有名词前
1.国家、城市等专有名词前不加the:
Shanghai,inNewYork,inAmerica,但是theUnitedSates要加the
2.由普通名词构成的专有名词前加theGreatWall,
3.江河、海洋、山川前加the:
theYangtzeRiver,thePacific,theYellowMountains
三.一日三餐、四季、一星期七天及十二个月,next前不加任何冠词
1.forbreakfast/lunch/supper
2.inspring/summer/autumn/winter
3.onMonday/Tuesday/Wednesday/Thursday/Friday/Saturday/Sunday
4.inJanuary,February,March,April,May,June,July,August,September,October,November,December
四、宇宙中独一无二的事物,序数词,形容词最高级,only所修饰的名词前用the
1.thesun,themoon,theearth
2.theeighth,thetwelfth,thetwentieth,thefourth
3.thebiggest,themostpopular
4.theonlykey
五、形容词加the,表示这一类人theblind,thedeaf,theold,therich,thepoor
六、单词前面用“an”还是“a”取决于单词开头的读音是否是原音
1.a:
ausefuldictionary,auniversitystudent,aEuropeanvillage,aone-eyedcaptain,auniform
2.an:
anhour,anhonestgirl,ane-mail,animportantletter,anexchangestudent,anuncle
anX-rayphotograph,anMBAcourse,
Thereis__an__”f”intheword“first”.(f,h,l,m,n,s,x,r,)
介词
分类记忆:
一、时间介词
具体哪一天on,几点钟前用at,年、月份前用in,早上、下午、晚上用in,但是具体某一天的早上、下午、晚上用on。
last,next,this,that,some,every等词之前一律不用介词
OnChristmasDay,onDecember14,2013,onthemorningofDecember15,
二、地点介词
三、短语中固定搭配的介词
carefor,basedon,inone’sthirties,concentrateon=focuson,theanswertothequestion,thekeytothedoor,Sheisofaverageheight,sharewith,beresponsiblefor,add…to,
四、方式介词by,with
bybus,bytrain,bye-mail,byexpressmail,bycreditcard
writewithapen,sayitinEnglish
五、表示形容词、副词比较范围的
of/among+代词,名词或数词,in+表示地点或集体的名词
Johnwasthefirstonthelistofthefamousstarsbecausehewastherichest______them.
代词
一、人称代词
1.顺序:
单数:
二、三、一复数:
一、二、三
Johnsitsamong______,_______andme.
A.Mary…youB.she…youC.you…MaryD.you…she
2.主格宾格:
主格——主语,宾格——宾语(动词或介词后)
Thejournalistinterviewed________.(he,his,him)
Ishow_______aroundthecity.(they,their,them)
3.名词性物主代词
Thecinemainourneighborhoodisoldandsmall,but______isbigandmodern.(they,them,.their,theirs)
Mum,haveyoueverseenDanny’ssportsshoes?
Iwantapairlike_______.(he)
afriendofmine/his/myfather’s
I______we______you_______he_______her________they_______
4、反身代词
enjoyoneself,helponeselftosth,learn…byoneself=teachoneself
Imadeitmyself.
I______we______you_______he_______her________they_______it________
不定代词
1.theother,others,another,theothers
Some…._______One…_________
another+可数名词的单数
固定词组一个接着一个_________________
Willyoupleaseshowme_________one?
Have_______try,andyou’llsucceed.
2.形容词修饰不定代词、形容词后置
somethingnecessary
3.either_______,neither______,both______,all_______,none________
Thereportsays__________ofthetwocountriesinAsiasupportsthewar.
Afteryougetoffthebus,youcantake________ofthetwoMetroLinestoZhongshanPark.
eithersidebothsides
4.few,afew,little,alittle
It’sunusualforhimtobesoactivebecauseheisoftenaboyof_______words.
A.fewB.littleC.manyD.much
数词
1、twohundred/thousand,hundreds/thousandsof,前面如果有morethan,lessthan,over,about等词时,用确切的数据about/morethantwohundredpeople
2、数字的读法,百位和十位之间用and365
3、序数词的拼写
One_______,two__________,three_________Four________,five________,eight_________,twelve________,nine_______,twenty_________,twenty-one_____________
5.分数
1/2____________2/3__________,3/4_________,3/5_________
6、百分比30percent
7、日期表达February12,1809
twohoursandahalf=twoandahalfhours
aten-year-oldboyTheboyistenyearsold.
Heisoverfiftyyearsold.Heisinhisfifties.
It’stenminutes’walk.It’saten-minutewalk.
名词
1.变复数
potato______tomato______hero______Negro_______photo______(两人两菜加s,其他加es)
boy______toy_________,dictionary_________,(只有辅音+y结尾变y为ies)
beach___________(s,x,ch,sh,结尾的名词复数+es)
life,thief,leaf,knife(fe,f结尾的名词,把f,fe变为ves)
2.可数名词与不可数名词
manychildren muchinformation
afewbooks alittletime
someboys sometime
acoupleofdays abasketoffruit
修饰可数名词的:
few,afew,many,alargenumberof,acoupleof
修饰不可数名词的:
little,alittle,much,agreatdealof,hugeamountsof
既修饰可数名词的,又可以修饰可数名词的:
plentyof,alotof/lotsof,some
3.名词所有格
myfather’sfriend=afriendofmyfather’s,theteachers’office,theChildren’sPalace
形容词/副词
1、形容词的用法:
1)系动词后做表语Thecomedyisveryfunny
2)在名词前作定语It’safunnycomedy
3)修饰不定代词在不定代词之后Thereissomethingwrongwithmywatch.
4)在宾语之后作宾语补足语ThegoodnewsmadeBob’smotherexcited.
You’dbetterkeepthewindowopen.
2、副词的用法:
1)修饰行为动词Hedrivescarefully.
2)修饰形容词Thefoodisquitedelicious.
3)修饰整个句子Luckily,hestillgotthefirstprize
3、much,far,alittle,abit,alot,even等词修饰形容词比较级
TheBundlooksmuch_________atnight.(pretty)
Helooksalittle__________(happy)
4.既是形容词又是副词的:
early,fast,hard,high ,late
5、as…asnotas/so…as句型
中间用形容词或者副词的原级,所以可以先排除比较级和最高级,选副词还是形容词,看是否修饰行为动词
Thedriverdroveas___________asusual.
A.mostcarefullyB.morecareful
C.carefulD.carefully
6、一些特殊句型
The比较级主语+谓语,the比较级主语+谓语,Theearlier…,thebetter…
thefastestinourclass,oneofthelongestrivers,thesecondlongestriver,betterandbetter
疑问词
Howfar(tenminutes’walk)
Howsoon(intenminutes)
Howfast(amileintenminutes)
Howlong(fortenminutes)
Howoften(twiceaday)
Howmany(two)
Howmuch(twoyuan/twokilos)
1.Hewenttothehospitaltohaveacheckuponeyesight.(99)
____________hegotothehospital?
2.Wehaveaclassmeetingonceaweek.(00)
____________didtheAmericanspacecraftGalileotravelandworkinspace?
3.Thissignmeanscarsandbusesmustn’tturnrighthere.(04)
____________thissignmean?
4.LondonheldthefirstWorldExpoin1851.(05)
______didLondon______thefirstWorldExpo?
5.Thestudents’projectswillbeonshowinthreedays.(06)
____________willthestudents’projectsbeonshow?
动词
连系动词:
1.be动词2.感官动词:
feel(feel-felt-felt),smell(smell-smelt-smelt),taste,sound,look
3.表示变化的:
become-became-become,get-got-got,grow-grew-grown,turn4.表示保持的:
keep,stay,remain5.似乎是seem
情态动词:
MayIwatchTV?
No,youmustn’t/maynot/can’t.
MustIdothework?
No,youneedn’t.
maybe可能是mustbe一定是can’tbe不可能是
Youneedn’thelphim.=Youdon’tneedtohelphim.
1. We______keepthenewtrafficlawandlearnhowtoprotectourselves.(04)
A)may B)should C)can D)need
2.A:
______Ifillinthecheck-informrightnow,sir?
B:
No,youneedn’t.Youcancompleteitthisafternoon.(05)
A)May B)Can C)Would D)Must
3. Mymother______makericedumplings.She’llteachmehowtodoit.(06)
A)must B)need C)should D)can
使役动词:
make,let,havesb.dosth.
动词的时态和语态:
一般现在时主语+do/does
1、表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态,常和often,always,usually,sometimes,everyday等时间状语连用;
2、表示客观事实或普遍真理;Thesunrisesintheeast.
3、由when,before,after,if,unless,assoonas引导的从句,主句用将来时从句用一般现在时
Iwilltellhimassoonashecomesback.
一般过去时主语+did
1、常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday,lastweek,threeyearsago,in1987,atthetime,inthepast
2、过去习惯性动作usedtodo
一般将来时will/shalldo
1、shall,will+动词原型构成一般将来时;
2、am(is,are)goingto+动词原型,表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要发生的事情;
thereisgoingtobe
3、表示“去向”的动词,可以用进行时表示将来时come,go,arrive,leave,leavefor
I’mleavingforBeijingthedayaftertomorrow.
现在进行时am/is/are+doing
常用时间状语now,atpresent,forthetimebeing,look,listen,becareful
Look,Jane’sgrandma________withsomeagedpeople.
A.dancesB.dancedC.isdancingD.wasdancing
过去进行时was/were+doing
常用时间状语atthatmoment,thistimeyesterday,atsixyesterdaymorning,fromtwotothreeyesterdayafternoon.
也常用于when和while引导的时间状语从句
WhenIwashavingdinnerwithmyfamilylastnight,thetelephonerang.
现在完成时have/has+done
1.常用的时间状语和副词:
never,ever,already,yet,just,recently,sofar,uptonow,inthepast10years.
2.already&yet
Ihavealreadyreadthebook,(改否定句)
I_____readthebook_____.
3.since&for
IhavelearnedEnglishsince2004(对划线部分提问)
IhavelearnedEnglishfor10years(同上)
4.延续性动词和瞬间动词
I______thisbookforaweek.
A.haveboughtB.havehadC.boughtD.buy
现在完成时had+done
1.表示过去的过去,常用的时间状语:
bytheendoflastyear,beforeIenteredtheschool
2.用于主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中
HetoldmethathehadbeentoChinatwice.
被动语态:
1.构成:
be+及物动词的过去分词p.p
2.时态的变化主要体现在be的变化
一般现在时am/is/are+p.p,一般过去时was/were+p.p
现在完成时has/havebeen+p.p一般将来时willbe+p.p
情态动词should/may/must/can/could…+be+p.p
3.先划出句子的谓语部分———写出动词原形——判断时态——注意主语的单复数
Janewroteseveralarticlesaboutmemorylastmonth.
Severalarticlesaboutmemory________byJanelastmonth.
1.wrote————2.write—wrote—written——3.was/werewritten——4.主语是severalarticles,因此是werewritten
非谓语动词1——动词不定式
1.主语Tobeateacherismydream
2.宾语Iwanttobuyanewbike
3.表语Myfather’sjobistomakesickpeoplebetter.
4.定语Wehavegotanewprojecttodo
5.宾语补足语Ourheadmasteraskedus