医学博士英语真题及答案.txt

医学博士英语真题及答案.txt

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2005

PartIIvocabulary

sectionA

31.Therewasno_____buttoclosetheroaduntilFebruary.

A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt

32.I______whenIheardthatmygrandfatherhaddied.

A.fellapartB.fellaway

C.felloutD.fallback

33.I��m_____passinganewlawthathelpspoorchildrengetbettermedicine.

A.takingadvantageofB.standingupfor

C.lookinguptoD.takingholdof

34.Infrontoftheplatform,thestudentsweretalkingwiththeprofessoroverthequizzesoftheir_____subjects.

A.compulsoryB.compulsiveC.alternativeD.predominant

35.Thetutortellstheundergraduatesthatonecanacquire____inaforeignlanguagethroughmorepractice.

A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency

36.Theteacherexplainedthenewlesson_____tothestudents.

A.atrandomB.atalossC.atlengthD.athand

37.Ishall___thelossofmyreading-glassesinnewspaperwitharewardforthefinder.A.advertiseB.informC.announceD.publish

38.Thepoornutritionintheearlystagesofinfancycan___adultgrowth.A.degenerateB.deteriorateC.boostD.retard

39.Shehadaterribleaccident,but___shewas��tkilled.

A.atalleventsB.inthelongrunC.atlargeD.invain

40.Hisweakchest___himtowinterillness.

A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposes

SectionB

41.Thecompanywaslosingmoney,sotheyhadtolayoffsomeofitsemployeesforthreemonths.

A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon

42.ThenorthAmericanstatesagrreedtosigntheagreementofeconomicalandmilitaryunioninOttawa.

A.conventionB.convictionC.contradictionD.confrontation

43Thestatuewouldbeperfectbutforafewsmalldefectsinitsbase.

A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors

44.Whenhefinallyemergedfromthecaveafterthirtydays.Johnwasstartlinglypale.A.amazinglyB.astonishinglyC.uniquelyD.dramatically

45.Ifyouwanttosetupacompany,youmustcomplywiththeregulationslaiddownbytheauthorities.

A.abidebyB.workoutC.checkoutD.succumbto

46.Theschoolmasterapplaudedthegirl��sbraveryinhisopeningspeech.

A.praiseB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped

47.Thelocalgovernmentleadersaremakingeveryefforttotackletheproblemofpoverty.

A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter

48.Thisreportwouldbeintelligibleonlytoanexpertincomputing.

A.intelligentB.comprehensiveC.competentD.comprehensible

49.Readingabookandlisteningtomusicsimultaneouslyseemstobemoproblemforthem.

A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously

50.Hewasgivenalaptopcomputerinacknowledgementofhisworkforthecompany.

A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionD.commitment

PartIIIClose

InMr.Allen��shighschoolclass,allstudentshaveto��getmarried��.However,theweddingceremoniesarenotrealonesbut51.Thesemockceremoniessometimesbecomeso52thattheloudlaughterdrownsoutthevoiveofthe��minister��.Eventhetwostudentsgettingmarriedoftenbegintogiggle.

TheteacherMr.Allen,believesthatmarriageisadifficultandseriousbusiness.Hewantsyoungpeopletounderstandthattherearemanychangesthat53takeplaceaftermarriage.Hebelievesthattheneedforthesepsychologicalandfinancial54shouldbeunderstoodbeforepeoplemarry.

Mr.Allendoes��tonlyintroducehisstudentstomajorproblems55inmarriagesuchasillnessorunemployment.Healsoexposethemtonitty-grittyproblemstheywillfaceeveryday.Hewantstointroduceyoungpeopletoallthetrialsand56thatcanstrainamarriagetothebreakingpoint.Heeven57hisstudentswiththeproblemsofdivorcedmenmustpaychildsupportmoneyfortheirwives.

Ithasbeenupsettingforsomeofthestudentstoseetheproblemsthatamarriedcoupleoftenfaces.58theytookthecourse,theyhadnotworriedmuchabouttheproblemsofmarriage.However,bothstudentsandparentsfeelthatMr.Allen��scourseisvaluableandhave59thecoursepublicly.Therestatementsandletterssupportingtheclasshave,60theschooltoofferthecourseagain,

51.A.duplicationsB.imitationsC.assumptionD.fantasies

52.A.noisyB.artificialC.gracefulD.real

53.A.mightB.wouldC.mustD.need

54.A.issuesB.adjustmentsC.mattersD.expectancies

55.A.tofaceB.facingC.havingfacedD.faced

56.A.tribulationsB.errorsC.triumphsD.verdicts

57.A.informsB.concernsC.triumphsD.associates

58.A.UntilB.BeforeC.AfterD.As.

59.A.takenB.suggestedC.endorsedD.reproched

60.A.confinedB.convincedC.compromisedD.conceived

passageone

Whydopeoplealwayswanttogetupanddancewhentheyhearmusic?

Theusualexplanationisthatthereissomethingembededineveryculture-----thatdancingisa��culturaluniversal��.AresearcherinManchesterthingkstheimpulsemaybemoredeeplyrootedthanthat.Hesaysitmaybeareflexreaction.

NeilTodd,apsychologistattheUniversityofManchester.toldtheBAthathefirstgotaninklingthatbiologywasthekeyafterwatchingpeopledancetodeafeninglyloudmusic.��Thereisacompulsionaboutit.��hesays.Hereckonedtheremightbeamoredirect,biological,explanationforthedisretodance,sohestartedtolookattheinnerear.

Thehumanearhastwomainfunctions:

hearingandmaintainingbalance.Thestandardviewisthatthesetasksaresegregatedsothatorgansforbalance,forinsance,donothaveanacousticfunction.ButToddsaysanimalstudieshaveshownthatthesacculus,whichispartofthebalance---regulatingvestibularsystem,hasretainsomesensitivitytosound.Thesacculusisespeciallysensitivetoextremelyloudnoise,above70decibel.

��There��snoquestionthatinacontemporarydanceenvironment,thesacculuswillbestimulated.��saysTodd.Theaveragerave,hesays,blaresmusicatapainful110to140decibels.Butnoonereallyknowswhatanacousticallystimulatedsacculusdoes.

Toddspeculatesthatlisteningtoextremelyloudmusicisaformof��vestibularself-stimulation��:

itgivesaheightenedsensationofmotion.��Wedon��tknowexactlywhyitcausespleasure.��hesays.��Butweknowthatpeoplegotoextraordinarylengthtogetit.��Helistbungeejumping,playingonswingsorevenrockingtoandfroinarockingchairasotherexampleofpursuitsdesignedtostimulatethesacculus.

Thesamepulsingthatmakesusfeelasthoughwearemovingmaymakeusgetupanddancesaswell,saysTodd.Loudmusicsendssignalstotheinnerearwhichmaypromptreflexmovement.��Thetypicalpulserateofdancemusicisaroundtherateoflocomotion.��hesays,��It��squitepossibleyou��retriggeringaspinalreflex.��

61.Thepassagebeginswith______

A.anewexplanationofmusicB.aculturaluniversalquestioned

C.acommonpsychologicalabnormalityD.adeepinsightintohumanphysicalmovenents

62.WhatintriguedToddwas______

A.humaninstinctreflexes

B.people��sbiologicalheritages

C.people��scompulsionaboutloudmusic

D.thedamagesloudmusicwrecksonhumanhearing

63.Todd��sbiologicalexplanationforthedesiretodancerefersto_____

A.themechanismofhearingsounds

B.theresponseevokedfromthesacculus

C.thetwomainfunctionsperformedbythehumanear

D.thesegregationofthehearingandbalancemaintainingfunction

64.Whenthesacculusisacousticallystimulated,accordingtoTodd_____

A.functionalbalancewillbemaintainedintheear

B.pleasurewillbearoused

C.decibelwillshootup

D.hearingwilloccur

65.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.Thehumaneardoesmorethanhearingthanexpcted.

B.Dancingiscapableofheightenthesensationofhearing

C.Loudmusicstimulatestheinnerearandgeneratestheurgetodance

D.Thehumaninnereardoesmoretohelphearthantohelpmaintainbalance.

passage2

Haveyouswitchoffyourcompter?

Howaboutyourtelevision?

Yourvideo?

YourCDplayer?

Andevenyourcoffeepercolator?

Reallyswitchedthemoff,notjustpressedthebuttononsomeconrtolpanelandleftyourmachinewithatelltalebrightredlightwarningyouthatitisreadytojumpbacktolifeatyourcommand?

Becauseifyouhaven��t,youareoneoftheguiltypeoplewhohelppollutetheplanet.Itdoes��tmatterifyou��vejoinedtheneighborhoodrecyclingscheme,conscientiouslysortedyourgarbageandavoideddrivingtowork.Youstillcan��tsleepeasywhilejustoneofthoselittleredlightsisglowinginthedark.

Theawfultruthisthathouseholdandofficeelectricalappliancesleftonstand-bymodearegobblingupenergy,eventhoughtheyaredoingabsolutelynothing.Someelectronicproducts-----suchasCDplayers----canusealmostasmuchenergyonstand-byastheydowhenrunning.Othersmayusealotless,butasyourvideoplayerspendfarmorehoursonstand-bythanplayinganything,thewastagesoonaddsup.

IntheUS.alone,idleelectronicdevicesconsumeenoughenergytopowercitieswiththeenergyneedsofChicagoorLondon----costingconsumersaround��1billionayear.Powerstationsfilltheatmospherewithcarbondioxidejusttodoabsolutelynothing.

Thoughtlessdesignispartlyresponsebleforthewaste.Butmanufacturesonlygetawaywithdesingingproductsthatwasteenergythiswaybecauseconsumersarenotsensitiveenoughtotheissue,indeed,whilerecyclinghascaughtthepublicimagination,reducingwastehasattractedmuchlessattention.

But��sourcereduction��,asthegarbageexpertsliketocalltheartofnotusingwhatyoudon��tneedtouse,offersenormouspotentialforreducingwasteofallkinds.Withalittleintelligentshopping,youcancutwastelongbeforeyoureachtheendofthechain.

Packagingremainsthebigvillain.Oneofthehiddenconsequencesofbuyingproductsgrownormadeallaroundtheworld,ratherthanproducedlocally,isthehugeamountofpackaging.Tohelpcutthewasteandencourageintelligentmanufacturersthesimplesttrickistolookforultra-lightpackage.

Thesameargumentsapplytotheverylightbutstrongplasticbottlesthatarereplacingheavierglassalternatives,thin-walledaluminumcans,andcartonsmadeofcompositesthatwrapupanythingdrinkableinanultra-lightpackage.

Therearehundredsofothertricksyoucandiscusswithcolleagueswhilegatheringaroundtheproverbialwatercooler��fillingup,naturally,yourownmugratherthanadisposableplasticcup.Butyoudon��tneedtogoasfarasonewebsitewhichtellsyouhowtogiveyourfriendsunwrappedChristmaspresents.Therearelimitstosourcecorrectness.

66.Fronthefirsttwoparagraphs,theauthorimpliesthat______

A.hitchhasmadelifeeasyeverywhere

B.nobodyseemstobeinnocentinpollutingtheplanet

C.recyclingcanpotentiallycontrolenvironmentaldeterioration

D.everybodyisjoiningtheglobalbattleagainstpollutioninonewayoranother

67.Thewastecausedbyhouseholdandofficeelectricalappliancesonstand-bymodeseemsto_____

A.bealong-standingindoorproblemB.causenothingbuttrouble

C.getexaggeratedD.gounnoticed

68.Byidleelectronicdevices,theauthormeansthoseappliances_____

A.leftonstand-bymode

B.fillingtheatmospherewithcarbondioxide

C.usedbythosewhoaremotenergy-conscious

D.usedbythosewhosewordsspesklouderthanactions

69.Ultra-lightpackaging______

A.isexpectedtoreduceAmericanwastebuone-third

B.isanillustrationofwhatiscalled��sourcereduction��

C.canmakebothmanufacturersandconsumersintelligent

D.isavillainofwhatthegarnageexpertscall��sourcereduction��

70.Theconclusiontheauthoristryingtodrawisthat______

A.onepersoncannotwinthebattleagainstpollution

B.anybodycanpickuptricksofenvironmentalprotectionontheweb

C.noybodycanbeabsolutelyrightinallthetricksofenvironmentalprotection

D.anybodycanpresentorlearnatrickofcuttingdownwhatisnotneeded

passage3

Youcanhavetoomuchofagoodthing,itseems---atleastwhenitcomestophysiotherapyafterastroke.Manydoctorsbelievethatitisthekeytorecovery:

exetcisingapartiallyparalyzedlimbcanhelpthebrain��rewire��itselfandreplaceneuralconnectionsdestroyedbyaclotinthebrain.

Butthelatestanimalexperimentssuggestthattoomuchexercisetoosoonafterabraininjurycanmakethedamageworse.��It��ssomethingthatcliniciansarenotawareof,��saysTimothySchallertoftheUniversityatAustin,wholedtheresearch.

Insometrials,strokevictimsaskedtoputtheirgoodarminasling---toforcethemtousetheirpartiallyparalyzedlimb---hadmademuchbetterrecoveriesthanthosewhousedtheirgoodarm.Butthesepatientsweretreatedmanymonthsaftertheirstrokes.Earlierintervention,Schallertreasoned,shouldleadtoevenmoredramaticimprovements.

Totestthistheory,Schallertandhiscolleaguesplacedtinycastsonthegoodforelimbsofratsfortwoweeksimmediatelyaftertheyweregivenasmallbraininjurythatpartiallyparalyzedoneforelimb.Severalweekslater,theresearcherswereastonishedtofindthatbraintissuesurruoudingtheoriginalinjuryhadalsodied.��Thesizeoftheinjurydoubled.It��sverydramaticeffect.��saysSchallert.

Brain-injuredratsthatwerenotforcedtooverusetheirpartiallyparalyzedlimbsshowednosimilardamage,andthecastsdidnotcauseadramaticlossofbraintissueinanimalsthathadnotalreadysufferedminorbraindamage.Insubsequentexperiments,theresearchershavefoundthatthecriticalperiodforexercise-induceddamageinratsisthefirstweekaftertheinitialbraininjury.

ThespreadingbraindamagewitnessedbySchaller��steamwasprobablycausedbythereleaseofglutamate,aneurotransmitter,frombraincellsstimulatedduringlimbmovement.Athighdoses,glutamateistoxiceventohealthynervecells.AndSchallertbelievesthatabraininjurymakesneighboringcellsunusuallysusceptibletotheneurotransmitter��stoxiceffects.

RandolphNudooftheUniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenteratHouston,whostudiesbraininjuryinprimates,agreesthatglutamateisthemostlikelyculprit.Inexperimentswithsquirrelmonkeyssufferingfromstroke-likedamage,Nudotriedbeginningrehabilitationwithinfivedaysofinjury.Althoughthetreatmentwasbebeficialinthelongrun,Nudonoticedaninitialworseningoftheparalysisthatmightalsohavebeenduetobraindamagebroughtonbyexercise.

Schallertstressesthatmildexerciseislikelytobebeneficialhoweversoonitbegins.Headdsthatitisunclearwhetherhumanvictimsofstrokes,likebrain-injuredrats,couldmaketheirproblemsworsebyexercisingtoovigorously,toosoon.

Someclinicsdoencouragepatientstobeginphysiotherapywithinafewweeksofsufferingatraumaticheadinjuryorstroke,saysDavidHovda,directorofbraininjuryresearchattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.Butevenifhumansdohaveasimilarperiodofvulnerabilitytorat,hespeculatesthatitmightbepossibletousedrugstoblocktheeffectsofglutamate.

71.Schallertissuedawarningtothosewho____

A.believeinthepossibilityofrewiringthebrain

B.areignorantofphysiotherapyintheclinic

C.addexercisetopartiallyparalyzedlimbs

D.areonthevergeofastroke

72.WhichofthefollowingisSchallert��shypothesisforhisinvestigation.?

A.Earlierinterventionshouldleadtoevenmoredramaticimprovements.

B.Thecriticalperiodforbraimdamageisoneweekafterinjury.

C.Apartiallyparalyzedlimbcancausebraindamages

D.Physiotherapyisthekeytobrainrecovery.

73.TheresultsfromSchallert��sresearch____

A.reinforcedthesingificanceofphysiotherapyafterastroke

B.indicatedthefaultwithhisexperimentdesign

C.turnedouttheoppsite

D.verifiedhishypothesis

74.TheresultsmadeSchallert��steamawareofthefactthat____

A.glutamatecanhavetoxiceffortsonhealthynervecells

B.exercisecanboostthereleaseofglutamate

C.glutamateisaneurotransmitter

D.alloftheabove

75.Schallertwouldprobablyadviseclinicians____

A.toadministerdrugstoblicktheeffectsofglutamate

B.tobewatchfuloftheamountofexerciseforstrokevictims

C.toprescribevigorousexercisetostrokevivtimsoneweekafterinjury

D.toreconsiderthesignificanceofphusiotherapytobraindamage

PssageFour

Ourunderstandingofcitiesinanythingmorethancasualtermsusuallystartswithobservationsoftheirspatialformandstructureatsomepointorcross-sectionintime.Thisiseasiestwaytobegin,foritishardtoassembledataonhowcitieschangethroughtime,and,inanycase,ourperceptionsoftenbetrayusintothinkingofspatialstructuresasbeingresilientandlonglasting.Evenwherephysicalchangeisveryrapid,thisonlyhasanimpactonuswhenwevisitsuchplacesinfrequent��ly,afteryearsaway.Mostofoururbantheory,whetheritemanatesfromthesocialsciencesorengineering,isstructuredaroundthenotionthatspatialandspatialandsocialstructureschangeslowly,andaresufficientlyinertforustoinferreasonableexplanationsfromcross-sectionalstudies.Inrecentyears,theseassumptionshavecometobechallenged,andinpreviouseditorialsIhavearguedtheneedforamoretemporalemphasistoourtheoriesandmodels,wheretheemphasisisnolongeronequilibriumbutontheintrinsicdynamicsofurbanchange.Eventheseviews,however,implyaconventionalwisdomwheretherealfocusofurbanstudiesisonprocessesthatleadtocomparativelyslowchangesinurbanorganization,wherethefunctionsdeterminingsuchchangeareverylargelyroutine,accomplishedovermonthsoryears,ratherthananylessercycleoftime.Thereisatacitassumptionthatlongertermchangesubsumesroutinechangeonaday-to-dayorhour-basis,whichisseenassimplysupportingthefixedspatialinfrastructuresthatweperceivecitiestobebuiltaround.Transportationmodeling,forexample,isfashionedfromthesstandpointinthatroutinetrip-makingbehavioristhefocusofstudy,itsexplanationbeingcentraltothenotionthatapatialstructuresareinertandlonglasting.

76.We,accordingtothepassage,tendtoobservecities

A.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC.sporadicallyD.horizontally

77.wethinkaboutacityas____

A.aspatialeventB.asymbolicaworld

C.asocialenvironmentD.anintertelatedsystem

78.Cross-sectionalstudiesshowthatcities____

A.arestructuredinthreedimensiosB.aretransformedrapidlyinanyaspect

C.areresilientandlonglastingrhrougytime

D.changeslowlyinspatialandsocialstructrues

79.Theauthorisdrawingourattentionto____

A.theequilibriumofurbanspatialstructures

B.theintrinsicdynamicsofurbanchange

C.thefixedspatialinfrastructureD.alloftheabove

80.Theconventionalnotion,theaurhorcontends,____

A.presentstheinherentnatureofacity

B.underliesthefixedspatialinfrastructures

C.placesanemphasisonlessercyclesoftime

D.hindersthephysicalchangeofurbanstructure

Passanefive

WhenitissunnyinJune,myfathergetsinhisfirstcuttingofhay.Hestartsonthecreekmeadows,whichareflat,sandy,andhot.Theyarehisdriestland.Thisyear,vacationingfrommymedicalpractice,IreturnedtoVermonttohelpwiththehaying.

Theheftofabalethroughmyleatherglovesisfamiliar:

thetautnessofthetwine,theheaveofthebale,thesweatriversthatrunthroughthehaychaffonmyarms.Thisworkhasthesmellofsweetgrassandbreeze.Iwalkbehindthechugandclackofthebaler,movingthebalesintopilessomybrothercandotherealworkofpickingthemuplater.Ashotastheairis,myfaceishotter.IamsurprisedathowsoonIgettired.Itakeabreakandsitintheshade,watchingmyfatherbale,tryingnottothinkabouthowoldheis,howtheheataffectshisheart,whatmighthappen.

Thisisnotmyusualwork,ofcourse.Myusualworkistositwithpatientsandlistentothem.OccasionsllyItouchthem,andamgladthatmyhandsaresoft.Idon��tthinkmypatientswouldlikefarmercallousesanddirtyhandsontheirtenderspots.ReluctantlyIfeelforlumpsinbreastsandtesticles,hiddenswellingsoforgansandjoints,andprobeallthepainfulplacesinmypatients��lives.Therearemany,PerhapsIamtoosoft,couldstandcallousesofadifferentsort.

Ifeelheavyafteraday��swork,asifmypatientswereinsideme,lettingmecarrythem.Idon��tmeanto.ButwheredoIputtheirstories?

Thechildhoodbeatings,ulcersfromstress,incapacitatingdepression,fears,illness?

Thesearenotmyexperiences,yetIfeelthemandcarrythemwithme.Trytofindhealthiermeanings,Ispenttheweekbeforevacationcrying.

Thehayfieldisgettingorganized.Pilesofthreeandfourbalesarescatteredaroundthefield.Theywillbeeasytopickup.Dadclimbs,tiredandlame,fromthetractor.Ihandhimajaroficewater,andhelookswithsatisfactiononhisjobjustdone.I��llstackafewmorebalessndmaybedrivethetruckformybrother.Myfatherwillhavesomeappreciativecustomersthiswinter,ashesellshisbalesofhay.

I��veneededtofeelthisheavinessinmymuscles,theheatonmyface.Iamtauntedbythesimplicityofthiswork,thepurposeandresults,thedefiniteboundariesofthefields,thedimensionsofthebales,forillnessisnotdefinedbytheboundariesofbodies;itspillsintofamilies,homes,schools,andmyoffice,likehaytumblingovertheedgeofthecutterbar.Ifeeltheroughstubbleleftinitswake.IneedtorememberthestoriesI��vehelpedreshape,newmeaningsstackedagainstthedespairofpain,IneedtorememberthesmellofhayinJune.

81.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothestory?

A.Themuscularworkinthefieldhasanemotionalimpactonthenarrator.

B.Thenarratorgetstiredeasilyworkinginthefield.

C.Itisthefirsttimeforthenarroatortodohaying

D.Thenarratorisasphysician

82.Inretrospection,thenarrator___

A.feelsguiltybeforehisfatherandbrother

B.defendshissofthandsinameaningfulway

C.hateslosinghismuscularpowerbeforeheknowsit

D.isshamedforthefarmercallouseshedoesnotpossess

83.Asaphysician,thenarratoris___

A.empathicB.arrogantC.callousD.fragile

84.Hisassociationspunctuate_____

A.thesimilaritiesbetweenmedicineandagriculture

B.thesimplicityofmuscularwork

C.thehardshipoflifeeverywhereD.thenatureofmedicalpractice

85.Thenarratorwouldsaythat____

A.itcandophysiciansgoodtospendavacationdoingmuscularwork

B.everythingisinterlinkedandanythingcanbeanything

C.heisashametohisfather

D.histripisworthit

PassageSix

Everyonehasseenithappen,Acolleaguewhohasbeenexcited,involved,andproductiveslowlybeginstopullback,loseenergyandinterest,andbecomesashadoworhisorherformerself.Or,apersonwhohasbeenabeaconofvisionandidealismretreatsintodespairorcynicism.Whathappened?

Howdoessomeonewhoiscapableandcommittedbecomeapersonwhofunctionsminimallyanddoesnotseemtocareforthejoborthepeoplethatworkthere?

Burnoutisachronicstateofdepletedenergy,lackofcommitmentandinvolvement,andcontinualfrustration,oftenaccompaniedatworkbyphysicalsymptoms,disabilityclaimsandperformanceproblem.Jobburnoutisacrisisofspirit,whenworkthatwasonceexcitingandmeaningfulbecomesdeadening.Anorganization��smostvaluableresource---theenergy,dedication,andcreativityofitsemployees---isoftensquanderedbyaclimatethatlimitsorfrustratesthepooloftalentandenergyavailable.

Milderformsofburnoutareaproblemateverylevelineverytypeofwork.Theburned-outmanagercomestowork,buthebringsashellratherthanaperson.Heexperienceslittlesatisfaction,andfeelsuninvolved,detached,anduncommittedtohisworkandco-workers.Whilehemaybeeffectivebyexternalstandards,heworksfarbelowhisownlevelofproductivity.Thepeoplearoundhimaredeeplyaffectedbyhisattitudeandenergylevel,andthewholecommunitybeginstosuffer.

Burnoutisacrisisofthespiritbecausepeoplewhoburnoutwereonceonfire.It��sespeciallyscary����������.someofthemosttalented.Iftheycan��tmaintaintheirfire,othersaskwhocan?

Arethesepeoplelostforever,orcantheinnerflameberekindled?

Peopleoftenfeelthatburnoutjustcomesuponthemandthattheyarehelplessvictimsofit.Actually,theevidenceisgrowingthattherewerewaysforindividualstosafeguardandrenewtheirspirit,sndmoreimportant,therearewaysfororganizationstochangeconditionsthatleadtoburnout.

86.Thepassagebeginswith____

A.apersonaltransition

B.acontrastbetweentwotypesofpeople

C.ashiftfromconformitytoindividuality

D.amysteriousphysicalandmentalstate

87.Whichofthefollowingisrelatedwiththecrisisofspirit?

A.EmotionalexhaustionB.Depersonalization

C.Reducedpersonalaccomplishment

D.Alloftheabove

88.Jobburnoutisacrisisofspirit,whichwillresultin___

A.apersonalproblemB.diminishedproductivity

C.aneconomiccrisisinacountry

D.afailuretoestablishapooloftalentandenergy

89.Burnoutcanbe___

A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent

90.Thosewhoareburned-out,accordingtothepassage,arepotentiallyable___

A.tofindaquickfix

B.torestorewhattheyhavelost

C.tobeawareoftheirstatusquo

D.tochallengetheirorganization

A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.A.B.C.D.