肥胖问题英文论文.docx

肥胖问题英文论文.docx

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肥胖问题英文论文

Abstract

ObesityhasbeentaggedbytheWorldHealthOrganisation（WHO）asthenewcrisis

inpublichealthbecauseofincreasingevidencethattheconditioneasilyleadstoa

hostoflife-threateningdiseaseslikearteriosclerosis,diabetes,cancer,asthma,

arthritis,etc.Anenormousamountofscientificresearchhasbeendoneonobesity

butthereisasyetnoconsensusonwhatconstitutesobesity,whatareitsexactcauses

andcontributoryfactors,andhowexactlydoesobesitydeteriorateintoserious

medicalcases.Theonlypointofagreementseemstobethatadeterminedand

concentratedeffortneedstobeundertakentoarrestthegrowingnumberoflivesthat

havebeenwastedbyobesity,whichalsocausesanenormousdrainonanation’s

healthserviceresources.Forsuchanefforttobeeffective,however,everyone

involvedshouldhaveaclearunderstandingofwhyithappenssothatappropriate

stepscanbetaken.Thisdissertationsetouttodojustthat:

provideaclearergraspof

thecausesofobesityandtheextenttowhichtheproblemhasdegeneratedtoguide

futureactivitiesdesignedtomitigatetheprevalenceofobesity.

Forthepurposeofthispaper,UKwasmadethefocusofthestudybecauseof

increasingconcernthatobesityhasreachedunwieldyproportionsinthiscountry,

especiallyamongchildren.Infact,childhoodobesityisnowtheobjectofaPublic

ServiceAgreementthattheBritishgovernmentusuallyreservesforproblemswith

seriousnationalrepercussions.

CONTENTSPAGE

1.Introduction

2.Rationale

2.a.Aim

2.b.Objectives

3.Methodology

4.LiteratureReview

4.a.Obesity-relatedDiseases

4.b.PublicHeathIssue

4.c.ObesityinUK

4.d.PSATarget

4.e.PreventionandIntervention

5.CausesandEffects

6.InfluencingFactors

6.a.Diet

6.b.Nutrition

6.c.PhysicalActivity

6.d.Mediaadvertising

7.Findings&Analysis

8.Conclusion&Recommendation

9.ReferenceList

1.Introduction

The2002HealthSurveyforEnglandmadeadisturbingdeclarationthatoverhalfof

theUKpopulationwasoverweightorobese.Inthesameyear,theNationalOfficeof

Statistics（NOS）cameupwithamoredetailedreport,blowinguptheproblemby

sayingthatobesitywasaffectingchildrenmorethanadults.TheNOSrevealedthat

22percentofallboysand28percentofallgirlsinthe2-15agebracketwereeither

overweightorobese.Thestudyraisedthesamealarmbyassertingthatabout1

millionofallobesepersonsinUKwerelessthan16yearsold,indicatingasteadyand

rapidyearlyincreaseintheprevalencerateforchildhoodobesityinthecountry.This

isacauseforgeneralconcernbecauseobesityinchildhoodtendstobeirreversible

andobeseadultsarehighlyvulnerabletoarangeofailmentsthatincludeheart

disease,diabetes,arthritisandcertainstrainsofcancer.Sincethefutureofanation

liesinthehandsofitschildren,whatfutureawaitsanationwithadisease-prone

citizenry?

Thisupwardtrendintheprevalencerateofobesitystartedasearlyasthe1970swith

thereleaseofanumberofgovernmentstudies,notablythe1974-94NationalStudyof

HealthandGrowthandthe1995HealthSurveyforEngland.Between1984and

1994,thereportsnotedadoublingintheprevalenceofobesityamongBritish

children,from0.6percentto1.7percentinboysandfrom1.3percentto2.6percent

ingirls.Amongadults,theprevalenceraterosefrom6percentin1980to17percent

in1998inmenandfrom8percentto21percentinwomen.Obesityisdeterminedby

measuringaperson’sbodymassindex（BMI）,orthebodyweightaccordingtoheight,

rateofgrowth,sexandage.Amongboys,theyareobeseif25percentofbodyweigh

isfat,whileitis32percentingirls.BasedontheBMImeasurementofthegeneral

populationinthesucceeding10-yearperiod（DoH,2004;POST,2003;RCP,2003;

Comptroller&AuditorGeneral,2006）,thereisasteadyandworrisomeincreasein

thenumberofobesepersonsinUK.Thiscallsforanorganizedandconcentrated

multi-sectoraction,whichrequiresathoroughanddefinitivestudybeforehandtosee

wheretoplugtheholesinthepublichealthsystem.

2.Rationale

AccordingtotheWHO（WHO,2002）obesitymayhaveassumedtheproportionsofa

globalepidemicbutUKpresentsaninterestingcaseforacountry-specificstudy

becauseitholdsthedistinctionofbeingthecountrywherethefirstobesity-related

caseoftype-2diabeteswasreported（NHS,2002）.Thisisanindicationthatobesity

hasbecomearunawayprobleminUK,whichissupportedbyrecentpublichealth

bulletinsexpressingduealarmoverthesituation.Itisnecessarythenthatan

attemptmustbemadetoassesstheoverallpicturesothatitcanbeproperly

determinedifanorganised,resource-intensiveandmassiveintermediationeffortis

warranted,andwhatparticularstrategiesareappropriate.Thiscanonlybe

accomplishedbyexaminingtheexactinfluencesofdiet,physicalinactivity,nutrition

andmediaonthesupposedincreaseofobesitycasesinUK;byseekingtodetermine

themagnitudeandextentoftheproblemintheUKcontext;byunderscoringthe

socialandpsychologicalfactorsthatbroughtaboutandcontributedtothesituation;

andbyevaluatingtheeffectivenessofthepreventionandintermediationmeasures

thathavebeentestedforgovernmentadoptiontomitigatetheproblem.Aclose

examinationofthesefactorsmaygivestakeholdersanideaofwheretostartattacking

theproblemandwheretoconcentratetheeffort.

2.a.Aim

Theprincipalaimofthisdissertationistodeterminehowdeleterioushasbeenthe

effectsofmediaadvertisingandprogramming,physicalactivityanddietandnutrition

ontheoverallhealthandfitnessoftheBritishpopulationasregardstoobesity.In

puttingupthesetrendsforcloserinspection,theaimofthedissertationistoascertain

theextentoftheirinfluenceonpublichealthsothattheyserveasbasisforthe

remedialmeasuresthatshouldbeundertaken.

2.b.Objectives

1）Giveanaccurateperspectiveontheinfluenceofthemodernenvironmenton

obesity,focusingonfactorssuspectedasresponsibleforincreasingthe

numberofobesepersonsinUK,suchasimproperdietandnutrition,the

emergenceofasedentarylifestyleandmedia’sunwittingpromotionofthese

unhealthyhabits.

2）Investigatewhetherobesityhasbecomesowidespreadahealthproblemasto

warrantdrasticmeasuresandaconcentrationofgovernmentresource

3）Identifythefactorsthatcontributedtotheunwieldyincreaseofobesechildren

andadultsinUK.

4）Evaluatetheeffectivenessofmeasuresthathavebeenundertakentocombat

obesityandidentifythemeasuresthatcanbeundertakentoreversetheupward

trendintheprevalenceofobesityinUK.

3.Methodology

3.a.ChoiceofResearchDesign

Researchforthispaperhasleanedheavilyontheobservationmethod,whichusedthe

quantitativeapproachtogeneratewhatisknownassecondaryresearchdata.The

quantitativeconductofresearchwasgivenpreferenceoverthequalitativeapproach,

whichemploysthedirectcommunicationmethod,becauseoftheuniversalityand

multi-dimensionalnatureofobesityasagrowingsocialandpublichealthproblem.

Thestudyalsotakesonthecharacteristicsofboththedescriptiveandcausalresearch

strategies,whichwereusefulinhelpingmeetthevariedrequirementsofthisresearch.

Themainrequirementsincludeddescriptiveresearchofthisconditionaswellasa

discussionofitscauses.Descriptiveresearchhelpsdescribesthehistory,

characteristicsandscopeoftheproblem,whilethecausalresearchdetermineswhich

factorsorvariablesarecausingaparticularbehaviour.Webelievebothmethodsare

usefultothispaperasitfocusesontheproblemofchildhoodobesityandthe

behaviourrelatingtotheunhealthyeatinghabitsofBritishchildren.

Inthedirectcommunicationmethod,researchisconductedbyface-to-faceor

telephoneinterviewswiththeuseofsurveysandquestionnaires.Itsscopeof

coverage,however,isnarrowandiscarriedouttorevealonlyspecificdata.Therefore

thismethodwouldbeoflittleusetothisstudyanyway.Ontheotherhandwiththe

observationmethodusedforthisresearch,whichwascarriedoutwithawidevariety

oftoolstobearonanequallylargerangeofstudyrelatedtoobesity,theresearch

pannedouttogatherdatafromallpossiblesourceswhichincludebooks,trade

journals,websites,governmentstudies,papersfromseminarsandotherinstitutional

publications,togiveusthewidestchoiceofperspectiveonthesubjectarea.Since

obesityisamulti-sidedsubject,amassofinformationisrequiredtomakerealistic

comparisonsbetweentheoriesandevolvingconceptsandthereforevalidateourtheory

thattheproblemencompassesthewholerangeofhumanbehaviour,foodintake,

eatingpatterns,physicalexertionsandmediaadvertisement.Secondarydata

accordingtoCurwin（1996,p.46）cancomefromwithinoroutsidetheorganisation.

Externalsecondarydataarethosecollectedfromresearchinvolvingtextbooks,

journalarticlesandreports,whileinternalsecondarydatacomesfromorganisationinitiated

surveys,annualreportsandservicefeedback.Theoveralladvantageof

secondarydatainresearchisflexibility,sinceitisofteninformationthatanindividual

organisationcannotcollectonitsown.Byusingtheobservationmethodofresearch

tocollectsecondarydatafromwhatothershavewrittenandexpressedonobesity,this

writerwasabletopindownthetheoriesandfindingstofillinthegapsandmake

comparisonsonwhathasbeendoneandwhatstillneedstobedonetoaddressthe

problemofobesity.Thetheoriesandfindingsinclude:

girlsaremorepronetoobesity

thanboys