How to DebateWord下载.docx

How to DebateWord下载.docx

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（forthenegative）.Achairpersonintroducesthespeakers,atime-keeperkeepstime,andanadjudicatorannounceswhichteamwon--andwhy.

Adebateisnotanundisciplinedshoutingmatch.Infacttheoppositeistrue.Debatinghasstrictrulesofconductandquitecomplexarguingtechniques.Andyouwilloftenhavetoarguetheoppositeofwhatyoubelievein.Theskillslearntthroughdebatingaremany,andherearejustafew:

Theconfidencetospeakinpublic.

Theabilitytopresentanargumentpersuasively.

Thevisiontounderstandthattherearetwosidestomostarguments.

therespectforothers,toletthemhavetheirsay.

thesenseoftiming,toprioritizeyourmaterialandspeakinagiventimeperiod.

thestructuretoorderyourthoughts,tointroduce,developandsummarizeyourpoints.

thegeneralandspecificknowledgeofmanycurrentaffairstopics,learntthroughresearchanddebate.

theflexibilitytoreactquicklytonewideas,andtoremainunflusteredincrises.

Debatehelpsyoutolearntousealibrary,andtofindtheexactinformationyouneedintheshortestpossibletime.Youlearntobethoroughandaccurate.Youlearntoanalyze,todistinguishbetweenthevitalandtheunimportant.Youlearntheneedofprovingyourstatements;

ofsupportingeverystatementwithvalidevidenceandsoundreasoning--andyoulearntodemandthesamesortofproofforthestatementsofothers.Youlearntopresentideasinaclearandeffectivemanner,andinaway,whichwinsotherstoyourwayofthinking.Youlearntothinkunderpressure,to“usehishead”inatimeofneed,tomakedecisionsquicklyandaccurately.

Theroleofthespeakers

Therearemanydifferenttypesofdebate.We'

lllimitourdiscussiontocrossexaminationdebateorteamdebate.Inthistypeofdebate,eachteamconsistsoftwospeakers.Eachspeakerhasspecifiedrolesthattheymustfulfilltoplaytheirpartintheteam.Theyarelaidoutbelowintheorderthatthespeakerswillspeak.

1.1staffirmativespeakermust:

Definethetopic.

Presenttheaffirmative'

steamline.

Beginsargumentsagainstthenegativeside,

2.1stnegativemust:

Acceptorrejectthedefinition.Ifyoudon'

tdothisitisassumedthatyouacceptthedefinition.

Presentthenegativeteamline,

Refutessomeofthemainpointsofthefirstaffirmativespeaker.

Presentsstrongnegativearguments（noweakones）

3.2ndaffirmativemust:

Reaffirmtheaffirmative'

Rebutalltheremainingpointsofthenegative'

scase.

Presentasummaryoftheaffirmative'

Roundoffthedebatefortheaffirmative.

4. 

2ndnegativemust:

Reaffirmthenegative’steamline.

Rebutalltheremainingpointsoftheaffirmative’scase.

The2ndnegativeshouldspendtwothirdstothreequartersoftheirtimerebutting.

Roundoffthedebatefrothenegative.

Eachspeakerhasaparticularroleinthedebateandmustpresentspecificinformation.Thefirstaffirmativespeakeristhefirstpersontospeakandittheonlyspeakerwhomayhaveapreparedspeech.Butthisdoesnotmeanreadingitfromapaper.Theotherspeakersmustknowtheirinformationthoroughlyandanswertheiropponents'

arguments.

Constructeffectivearguments

Therearemanytechniquesthateachspeakercanuseintheirspeechbuttherearethreemainareasthatyouwillbemarkedon.Theyarelanguage,contentanddelivery.

1.Language

Languageisimportant,ofcourse,sincecontestantsmustbeunderstood.Judgeslookforaccuratepronunciation,enunciationandarticulationaswellastheabilitytovarythepaceandpitchofthevoicewhenspeaking.Thisoftenrequiresspeakerstoslowtheirspeechmorethantheywouldforeverydaylanguage. 

Vocabularyusemustbeappropriate,correctandinterestingalthoughitisperhapsbetternottousewordsthatyouhavedifficultypronouncing.Somespeakers'

fellovertheirownwords'

eitherbyspeakingtooquicklyorbecausetheyhaddifficultycontrollingtheirnerves.

Trytoavoidbeingtooinformalbutdon'

tgooverboardtheotherway.Therearenomarkstobegainedfromtryingtousebigwordsyoudon'

tunderstandorcan'

tpronounce.Inthesamewayitisahugemistaketoletsomeoneelsewriteyourspeech,peoplethatdothataren'

tenteringthespiritordevelopingtheskillsofdebatingandenduplookingreallysillygettingstuckonawordtheyjustcan’tsay.

1. 

Content

Contentiswhatyousay,itisthesubstanceofyourspeech.Youshoulddivideyourcontentintoargumentsandsupportingmaterials.

Anargumentisastatement"

Thetopicistrue（orfalse'

dependingonwhichsideyouareon）becauseofx"

wheretheargumentfillsinforthex.Forexampleinthetopic"

Thatthezoosshouldbeclosed"

anargumentmaybe:

"

thezoosshouldbeclosedbecausetheyconfinetheanimalsinanunnaturalenvironment"

Themostimportantaspectofdebatingisthatassertionsmustbejustified.Noonecanbeconvincedorpersuadedofanythingiftheyaregivennoreasonfordoingso.Thatistosayyoushouldusematerialstosupportyourarguments.Supportingmaterialscanbeexamples.Anexampleisafactorpieceofevidence,whichsupportsanargument.Ifourargumentis:

thatzoosshouldbeclosedbecausetheyconfinetheanimalsinanunnaturalenvironment"

thenanexamplemightbe:

thatinthelioncageatTarangaParkZooinSydneytheanimalsonlyhaveabout200squaremeterswhereinthewildtheywouldhave2000squarekilometerstoroamin."

Anyexamplesthatyouuseshouldberelevanttothetopicathand.ExampleswhichhaveverylittleornothingtodowiththetopiconlymakeaspeechlookweakandlackingYourargumentscanalsobebackedupwithothersupportingmaterials,likereasons,statistics,andevenwithanecdotes,idiomsproverbs,quotationsandanalogies.

Asyouspeak,makeacleardivisionbetweenargumentsand/ettheaudienceknowwhenyouaremovingfromoneargumenttothenext,thisiscalledsignpostingandisaveryimportantdebatingtool.Thekeythingtorememberisthatalthoughyouknowexactlywhatyouaresayingtheaudiencehasneverhearditbeforeandwillonlyhearitoncesoyouhavetobeveryclearaboutit.Andwhenyouarepresentingoneparticularargumentmakesurethattheargumentislogical（makessense）andthatyoumakeclearlinksbetweenyourteamlineandtheargument,andbetweentheargumentandtheexamplesthatyouwillusetosupportit.

3.Delivery

Tobringthetopicalive,youneedtoconsideryourdelivery.Herearesometipsandpointers:

Cuecards

Donotwriteoutyourspeechoncuecards.Debatingisanexerciseinlivelyinteractionbetweentwoteamsandbetweenandtheaudience,notinreadingaspeech.Theaudiencecantellwhenyouarereading.Usecuecardsthesamewayyouwoulduseapromptinaplay.Theyarethereforreferenceifyouloseyourspot.

Eyecontact

Eyecontactisverycloselyrelatedtocuecards.Ifyoulookattheaudienceyouwillholdtheirattention.Ifyouspendyourtimereadingfromcuecardsorlookingatapointjustabovetheaudience'

sheadtheywillloseconcentrationveryquickly.Whenyou'

vegotthembytheeyeballstheirheartsandmindswillfollow.

Voice

Therearemanythingsyoucandowithyourvoicetomakeiteffective.Youmustprojectsothatyoucanbeheard,butconstantshoutingisveryannoying.Adjustyourvolume,pitchandrateofspeakingtoemphasizeimportantpointsandcatchtheaudience'

sattention.

Bodylanguage

Yourbodyisatoolforyoutouse.Makehandgesturesdeliberatelyandwithconfidence.Moveyourheadandupperbodytomaintaineyecontactwithallmembersoftheaudience.Ifyouwanttowalkupanddowndosobutmovewitheffectanddeliberately,don'

twearworrylinesintothecarpet.Ifyouaregoingtostandstill,standwithconfidence.Don'

tletyourbodyapologizeforyourpresencebyappearingnervous.

Refutearguments

Refutationistheprocessofprovingthatanargumentoraseriesofarguments,ortheconclusionsdrawnfromthatargumentorarguments,isfalse,erroneous,oratleastdoubtful.If,forinstance,someonesays,"

Xwillwinthematch,"

andyousay,"

No,sheisnolongerabletocompeteattoplevels,"

whatyousaidinreplyisrefutation.

Inadebate,effectiverefutationsarekeytosuccess.Refutationshouldbehandledsystematically.Hereareguidelinesthatyoucanfollow:

1.Anticipatewhatyouropponentwillsay.

Aspeechofrefutationrequiresanticipationofwhatopponentwillsay.Foranycontroversialproposal,youshouldknowthematerialonbothsides.Ifyouhaveanideaofhowyouropponentwillproceed,youwillbeinamuchbetterpositiontoreply.

2.Takecarefulnotesofwhatyouropponentsaysandnoteyourreactionstowhatissaid.

Thekeywords,phrases,andideasshouldberecordedaccuratelyandasnearlyaspossibleintheactualwordsused.Youdonotwanttoruntheriskofbeingaccusedofdistortingwhatyouropponentactuallysaid.Sketchyourreactionsasyoulisten.Thoughtswillcom