GRE写作6分ISSUE范文Word格式.docx

GRE写作6分ISSUE范文Word格式.docx

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Inmyviewtheacquisitionofknowledgebringsaboutallthreeatthesametime.

Thisparadoxicalresultisaptlyexplainedandillustratedbyanumberofadvancesinourscientificknowledge.Consider,forexample,thesonarsystemonwhichblindbatsrelytonavigateandespeciallytoseekprey.Researchershavelearnedthatthissystemisstartlinglysophisticated.Byemittingaudiblesounds,thenprocessingthereturningechoes,abatcandetermineinananosecondnotonlyhowfarawayitsmovingpreyisbutalsotheprey'

sspeed,direction,sizeandevenspecie!

Thisknowledgeacquiredhelpsexplain,ofcourse,howbatsnavigateandsurvive.Yetatthesametimethisknowledgepointsouttheincrediblecomplexityoftheauditoryandbrainfunctionsofcertainanimals,evenofmerehumans,andcreatesacertainmysteryandwonderabouthowsuchsystemseverevolvedorganically.

Orconsiderourknowledgeoftheuniverse.Advancesintelescopeandspace-explorationtechnologyseemtocorroboratethetheoryofacontinuallyexpandinguniversethatbeganattheverybeginningoftimewitha"

bigbang."

Ononelevelthisknowledge,assumingitqualifiesassuch,helpsuscomprehendourplaceintheuniverseandourultimatedestiny.Yetontheotherhanditaddsyetanotherchaptertothemysteryaboutwhatexistedbeforetimeandtheuniverse.

Orconsidertheareaofatomicphysics.Thenakedhumaneyeperceivesverylittle,ofcourse,ofthecomplexityofmatter.Toourdistantancestorsthephysicalworldappearedsimple--seeminglycomprehensiblebymeansofsightandtouch.Thenbywayofscientificknowledgewelearnedthatallmatteriscomprisedofatoms,whicharefurthercomprisedofprotons,neutrons,andelectrons.Thenwediscoveredanevenmorebasicunitofmattercalledthequark.Andnowanewso-called"

string"

theorypositstheexistenceofanevenmorefundamental,anduniversal,unitofmatter.Ontheonehand,thesediscoverieshaverenderedthingsmorecomprehensible,byexplainingandreconcilingempiricalobservationsofhowmatterbehaves.Thestringtheoryalsoreconcilesthediscrepancybetweenthequantumandwavetheoriesofphysics.Ontheotherhand,eachdiscoveryhasinturnrevealedthatmatterismorecomplexthanpreviouslythought.Infact,thestringtheory,whichistheoreticallysound,callsforsevenmoredimensions---inadditiontothethreewealreadyknowabout!

I'

mhard-pressedtoimagineanythingmorecomplexormysterious.

Insum,thestatementoverlooksaparadoxaboutknowledgeacquired,atleastwhenitcomestounderstandingthephysicalworld.Whenthroughknowledgeathingbecomesmorecomprehensibleandexplainablewerealizeatthesametimethatitismorecomplexandmysteriousthanpreviouslythought.

第二类题材Society

Issue140

Whatsocietyhasthoughttobeitsgreatestsocial,political,andindividualachievementshaveoftenresultedinthegreatestdiscontent."

Istronglyagreethatgreatachievementsoftenleadtogreatdiscontent.Infact,Iwouldassertmorespecificallythatgreatindividualachievementscancausediscontentfortheindividualachieverorforthesocietyimpactedbytheachievement,orboth.Nevertheless,itisimportanttoacknowledgethatwhetheragreatachievementcausesgreatdiscontentcandependonone'

spersonalperspective,aswellastheperspectiveoftime.

Withrespecttoindividualachievements,greatachieversarebynatureambitiouspeopleandthereforetendtobedissatisfiedanddiscontentwiththeiraccomplishments—nomatterhowgreat.Greatathletesarecompelledtotrytobettertheirrecord-breakingperformances;

greatartistsandmusicianstypicallyclaimthattheirgreatestworkwillbetheirnextone--asignofpersonaldiscontent.Andmanychildprodigies,especiallythosewhoachievesomemeasureoffameearlyinlife,latersufferpsychologicaldiscontentforhaving"

peaked"

soearly.Perhapstheparadigmaticmodernexampleofagreatachiever'

sdiscontentwasEinstein,whosetheoreticalbreakthroughsinphysicsonlyraisednewtheoreticalconundrumswhichEinsteinhimselfrecognizedandspentthelasttwentyyearsofhislifestrugglingunsuccessfullytosolve.

Individualachievementscanoftenresultindiscontentonasocietallevel.ThegreatachievementoftheindividualscientistsresponsibleforthesuccessoftheManhattanProjectresultedinworldwideanxietyoverthethreatofnuclearannihilation--aformofdiscontentwithwhichtheworld'

sdenizenswillforeverbeforcedtocope.Evenindividualachievementsthatatfirstglancewouldappeartohavebenefitedsocietyturnouttobecausesofgreatdiscontent.Considertheinventionoftheautomobile,alongwiththeinnovationsinmanufacturingprocessesandmaterialsthatmademassproductionpossible.Asaresultwehavebecomeasocietyenslavedtoourcars,relyingonthemascrutchesnotonlyfortransportationbutalsoforaffordingusafalsesenseofsocioeconomicstatus.Moreover,thedevelopmentofassembly-linemanufacturinghasservedtoalienateworkersfromtheirwork,whichmanypsychologistsagreecausesagreatdealofpersonaldiscontent.

Turningfromindividualachievementstosocietal,includingpolitical,achievements,theextenttowhichgreatachievementshavecausedgreatdiscontentoftendependsonone'

sperspective.Consider,forexample,America'

sspiritofManifestDestinyduringthe19thCentury,orBritishImperialismoverthespanofseveralcenturies.FromtheperspectiveofanImperialist,conqueringotherlandsandpeoplesmightbeviewedasanunqualifiedsuccess.However,fromtheviewpointoftheindigenouspeopleswhosufferatthehandsofImperialists,theseso-called"

achievements"

arethesourceofwidespreadoppressionandmisery,andinturndiscontent,towhichanyobservantNativeAmericanorSouthAfricannativecouldattest.

Theextenttowhichgreatsocio-politicalachievementshavecausedgreatdiscontentalsodependsontheperspectiveoftime.Forexample,F.D.R.'

sNewDealwasandstillisconsideredbymanytobeoneofthegreatestsocialachievementsofthe20thCentury.However,wearejustnowbeginningtorealizethatthesocial-securitysystemthatwasanintegralpartofF.D.R.'

ssocialprogramwillsoonresultingreatdiscontentamongthoseworkerscurrentlypayingintothesystembutunlikelytoseeanybenefitsaftertheyretire.

Tosumup,Iagreethatgreatachievements,bothindividualandsocio-political,oftenresultingreatdiscontent.Moreover,greatindividualachievementscanresultindiscontentforboththeindividualachieverandthesocietyimpactedbytheachievement.Nevertheless,inmeasuringtheextentofdiscontent,wemustaccountforvaryingpersonalandpoliticalperspectivesaswellasdifferenttimeperspectives.

第三类题材Science&

Technology

Issue30

Theprimarygoaloftechnologicaladvancementshouldbetoincreasepeople'

sefficiencysothateveryonehasmoreleisuretime."

Thespeakercontendsthattechnology'

sprimarygoalshouldbetoincreaseourefficiencyforthepurposeofaffordingusmoreleisuretime.Iconcedethattechnologyhasenhancedourefficiencyaswegoaboutoureverydaylives.Productivitysoftwarehelpsusplanandcoordinateprojects;

intranets,theInternet,andsatellitetechnologymakeusmoreefficientmessengers;

andtechnologyevenhelpsusprepareourfoodandaccessentertainmentmoreefficiently.Beyondthisconcession,however,Ifindthespeaker'

scontentionindefensiblefrombothanempiricalandanormativestandpoint.

Thechiefreasonformydisagreementliesintheempiricalproof:

withtechnologicaladvancementcomesdiminishedleisuretime.In1960theaverageU.S.familyincludedonlyonebreadwinner,whoworkedjustover40hoursperweek.Sincethentheaverageworkweekhasincreasedsteadilytonearly60hourstoday;

andinmostfamiliestherearenowtwobreadwinners.Whatexplainsthisdeclineinleisuredespiteincreasingefficiencythatnewtechnologieshavebroughtabout?

Icontendthattechnologyitselfistheculpritbehindthedecline.Weusetheadditionalfreetimethattechnologyaffordsusnotforleisurebutratherforwork.Ascomputertechnologyenablesgreaterandgreaterofficeproductivityitalsoraisesouremployers'

expectations--ordemands--forproduction.Furthertechnologicaladvancesbreedstillgreaterefficiencyand,inturn,expectations.Ourspiralingworkloadisonlyexacerbatedbythecompetitivebusinessenvironmentinwhichnearlyallofusworktoday.Moreover,everytechnologicaladvancedemandsourtimeandattentioninordertolearnhowtousethenewtechnology.Timedevotedtokeepingpacewithtechnologydepletestimeforleisureactivities.

Idisagreewiththespeakerforanotherreasonaswell:

thesuggestionthattechnology'

schiefgoalshouldbetofacilitateleisureissimplywrongheaded.Therearefarmorevitalconcernsthattechnologycanandshouldaddress.Advancesinbio-technologycanhelpcureandpreventdiseases;

advancesinmedicaltechnologycanallowforsafer,lessinvasivediagnosisandtreatment;

advancesingeneticscanhelppreventbirthdefects;

advancesinengineeringandchemistrycanimprovethestructuralintegrityofourbuildings,roads,bridgesandvehicles;

informationtechnologyenableseducationwhilecommunicationtechnologyfacilitatesglobalparticipationinthedemocraticprocess.Inshort,health,safety,education,andfreedom--andnotleisure--aretheproperfinalobjectivesoftechnology.Admittedly,advancesintheseareassometimesinvolveimprovedefficiency;

yet