如何提高大学英语四级阅读技巧文档格式.docx

如何提高大学英语四级阅读技巧文档格式.docx

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阅读速度

Introduction

Whenatestistobegiventotesttaker,thetestmakersshouldconsideritsvalidity,andthevaliditynowhavetwoaspects:

contentvalidityandconstructvalidity.Thecontentofatestconstitutesarepresentativesampleoflanguageskillbymentioningvalidity,andsuchvaliditydependonthepurposeofatest.Ifatestistooeasy,toodifficulttomosttesttakersortheylackthebackgroundofthetestingmaterial,itisnotvalid.Thatis,thepurposeiftestandtestingprinciplesaswellasspecificinstructionstoacertaintestdeterminesthevalidityofthetests.[1]R44

Today,theprincipleoftestingcompliesbytheCETtestcenterarevitaltotheteachersofEnglishandthestudentsintendingtotakesuchtests,whichdeterminethevalidityoftheCETteststhemselvesandhaveaguidetoEnglishteachingandstudying.ThispaperisabouttheCET-4readingsection,itconcludesprinciples,purposes,andtestingabilityandhowtheyareembodiedinthereadingsection.

InCET-4（collegeEnglishtestBand4）,readingcomprehensiontestshouldbefinishedwithinalimitedtime（35minutes）.CET—4isheldtwiceayearinthewholecountry.Thereadingsectioncontains4shortpassageswithfivemultiple-choicequestions,amountto20questions.The20questionsaredividedintotwoparts,accordingtothetypeofcorrectanswer:

directquestionsandindirectquestions.Therefore,thethreereadingachievementsareobtainedasdependentvariables:

A.Thewholeachievementofthewholereadingcomprehensiontest;

B.Indirect–questionachievement;

C.Direct-questionsachievement;

1Principle

FromtheCET—4modeltest（readingsection）,wecanseethatthestudentshouldfinishthefourpassagesin35minutes（thespeedofreadingisabout70wordseveryminutes）,itincluding5questionsineachpassage.Soonaveragethestudentshouldreadeachpassageandchoosetherightanswerin8—9minutesthroughthinkingandreasoning.R19

“

（1）Thecontentofreadingmaterialsisaboutbiography,society,culture,commonsense,andnaturalscienceandtheconcernedbackgroundknowledgeisnotbeyondthestudent’sreachofcomprehension.

（2）Thetypeoftestisvarious,includingstories,expositions,andargumentations,etc.

（3）ThedegreeofdifficultyismildandthewordsarewithinChinesemeaningwhichhassomeinfluenceonthesentenceandpassagecomprehension.”R45

2.Purpose

Thepurposeofthereadingsectionisdesignedtoteststudent’sabilities,asfollowing;

（1）Togetthegistofreadingpassage;

（2）Togettheinformationofdetailsofthepassageandtheexampleofsupportingthegist;

（3）Tounderstandtheliteralmeaningandmakeinferenceaccordingtothereadingpassages;

（4）Judgethemeaningofsomewordsandphrasesthroughcontest;

（5）Tounderstandspecificsentencesaswellasthelogicrelationsofthecontext;

（6）Followtheauthor’sopinionandattitude;

R46

Therearethreedifferentlevelsinthereadingtest:

（1）Thefirstlevel,studentsmayuseskimmingandscanningtofindthedetailsorthemainideasinthepassageaccordingtothequestions,thisisthebasicrequirement,anditiseasyforstudentstogettheaccuratedeductions.

（2）Thesecondlevel,studentcancatchthekeywordsandtherelatedwordstoreasontheimpliedstatementandmakesomedeductions.Thistypeofrequirementismoredifficultthanthefirstlevel,thestudentsthemselvesshoulddrawtheconclusionfromthepassage,andtheycannotfindtheanswerdirectlyfromthepassage.

（3）Thethirdlevelisthemostdifficultquestionsforstudents,studentsareaskedtodrawlogicalconclusionfromthereadingpassage,theyshouldconsidermoreinformationinthepassage,butthesedifferentlevelsofquestionshavenotthesameproportioninthetest,itcanexpressedwiththefigurebelow:

3.Vocabulary-obstacleandsolution

Vocabulary:

VocabularyisthemainpartinEnglishlearning.One’sEnglishleveldependsonone’svocabulary.Manystudentscomplainthattheydonotunderstandwhattheyarereading.Itisnottheproblemofgrammarbutvocabulary,indeedwealmosthavelearnedgrammarinhighschool.Whatshouldwelearnthen?

—Vocabulary.Ifonehasthesmallvocabulary,itisdifficultforhimtodotheEnglishreading.AndforeverystudentinEnglishdepartment,themostdifficultprobleminreadingisvocabulary.

There　wordsinEnglishWordsareconstantlybeingchanged.Ithasbeen

Provedthatthereader’sinadequatestoreofvocabularyandmisuseofwordshasgreatlyaffectedtheirreadingefficiency.Tobeanefficientreader,youwillneedtoknowalotofwords.Theycanstorethenewwordsdependonthedictionaryorguessingthemeaningofthewordsthroughthevocabularybuildingforms,suchasroot,prefix,suffix.

Solution

ItisnecessaryforEnglishlearnertohaveawell-designeddictionary.EspeciallyhavinganEnglish-Englishdictionary,buthowtouseitefficiently?

Therearesomebasicpointsthestudentscanfollowwhenusingthedictionary;

（1）TrytouseyourEnglish-Englishdictionaryfirstwhenyouneedtolookupaword,onlyuseyourbilingualdictionaryifyouhaveto.

（2）Don’tlookupeverywordyoudon’tunderstand,onlylookupthewordswhichinterferewithyourcomprehension.

（3）Alwaystrytoguesswhatthemeaningofawordisbeforelookingup.

（4）Wheneveryoucomecrossanewwordinapassage,don’timmediatelystoptolookitupinthedictionary,thiscankillyourinterestandeveninterferewithyourcomprehension,becauseyouaresoconcernedwiththeindividualwordsthatyouarelessawareofthecontentwhichgivesthemmeaning.

（5）Mostwordsinthedictionaryhavemultiplemeaning,whenusingyourdictionary,youmustbeverycarefultoselectmeaningappropriatetothecontentinwhichyouhavefoundthewordsthatyouarelookingup.R62

.Inaword,usingadictionaryproperly,thestudentswillstorealargeamountofwordsthroughlookingupthedictionary.

.

Wordbuildingform

Root

AsweknowEnglishwordsderivedfromLatinandGreek.“Formanycenturies,LatinandGreekservedasinternationallanguagesinreligion,scienceandeducation.ThemodernscientistsorinventorsoftendrawonLatinorGreekrootwordsandusetheminnewcombinations.”R101Sowecanguessthemeaningofawordfromtherootforexample:

“Forexample:

（i）act（做，行为）----（ii）Audi（听）

actionn.行为，动作;

audiencen.听众;

enactvt.制定扮演;

auditoriumn.礼堂，讲堂

（iii）Bio（生命）

biologyn.生物学;

antibioticadj.抗生素的

Prefixes

studytheprefixhelpusunderstandandrememberwords,manywordsderivedfromLatinandGreekconsistofafamiliarrootandacommonprefix.aprefixisasyllable（orsometimestwosyllables）attachedatthebeginningofaword,forexample:

（i）表示“one”mono--,mon—（ii）表示“two”di—

monocyclen.单轮车;

diaatomicadj:

双原子的

monotonen.单调，无变dioxiden二氧化物

（iii）表示out/without/ex--

exitn.出口;

expensen.费用支出

Suffixes

Somewordsconsistofafamiliarrootandacommonsuffix.asuffixisasyllable（orsometimesservedsyllables）attachedattheendofawordtoaddsomethingtoitsmeaning,forexample:

（i）an（--ian,--en）表示行力者（ii）active表示主动的

history—historian历史学家;

act—active活跃的；

music---musician音乐家invent---inventive有发明才能的

（iii）able（--idle）表示被动的

eat—eatable可食的;

move—movable可移动的R641-661

Ifstudentsknowanumberofcommonlyprefixes,rootsandsuffixes,theywilleasilyguessthemeaningofnewwordsintheirreading.

4.Readingspeed

TheunknownwordinCET-4passageisnottheonlyoneoftheessentialfactorsthathinderreadingcomprehension.Studentsshouldfinishthequestionsinasettime,sothespeedofreadingistheotherfactorthatinfluencesthetestingachievement.Therearetwobasicreadingskills（skimmingandscanning）,theyarequiteoftenusedinreading.

Skimmingandscanning

Generallyspeaking,readersreadthematerialatthefirsttimetogetageneralimpressionofthetest（thefirstreadingiscalledskimming）andasecondtimeinordertofindtheimportantdetailsinthetest（thesecondreadingiscalledscanning）.R68

Skimmingmeansthatapersoncanaccomplishatthefastestspeed.Itisusedwhenareaderwishestogetthegeneralexpressionquickly.Skimmingisdifferentfromaveragereading.Thestudentsleaveoutofthereadingmaterialandhaveclearideas.Skimmingrequiresthatreadersselectivelyomitsomepartsofthereadingmaterial.whenreadersskim,theyneedtogetthemainidea,butnotallofthedetailsoftheinformation.Skimmingisaveryusefulskill.Itwillhelpreadershaveabetterunderstandonthetopicinasettimeandhelpthemdothereadingbetter.

Scanningisanotherusefulskill,itisthetermusedtodescribeareadingprocessinwhichwearesearchingforcertainfactorsorinformation.Whenstudentsdoquestionsinreadingsection,theycancatchthekeywordinthequestionsandscanthespecificinformationinthepassage,andanswerthequestion.[10]R66-67

WhetherreadersscanorskimdependsonwhatkindoftexttheyarefacingintheCET—4.Inordertoimprovethespeedofreading,sometimesreaderscanusethistwomethodstogetherandpracticethemselvestobeanefficientreaderandsavethetimeinthetest.

Step

Therearetwodifferentprocedurestofinishthereadingcomprehension:

（1）Readthewholepassage,thenstartansweringquestions,studentsmayskimthematerialsfirstandgetanoverallunderstandingofthematerials.Thedisadvantag