英语学士论文五四运动时期汉语和现代汉语中外来词之比较Word格式.docx

英语学士论文五四运动时期汉语和现代汉语中外来词之比较Word格式.docx

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作为汉语新增词汇的来源之一，外来词在文化交流中起了举足轻重的作用，并影响到社会生活的各个方面。

五四时期是外来词引入的一次高潮，同现代汉语中外来词相比，它们在引入领域、接受程度、传播方式、翻译及影响上有诸多异同之处。

通过五四时期和现代汉语中外来词之比较，及其语言特点，可以影射不同时期文化的交流情况及语言的文化沉淀。

语言通过文字符号来表达思想的交流，它反映出世界的不断发展与变化，极富灵活性。

作为语言最敏感、最活跃因素的词汇，则是观察社会生活变化的一个窗口，是反映社会生活的一面镜子。

外来词的作用在于：

一是吸收异文化、新概念，补充本民族语言自身，促进本民族社会及文化的发展；

二是促进不同民族更方便的交流。

外来词的吸收不仅有助于我们学习外国和其他民族的先进经验和技术，而且会大大地丰富汉语词汇的宝库。

本文旨在探讨不同历史时期社会的发展对词汇的影响。

[关键词]外来词；

汉语

AcomparisonoftheChineseLoanWords

in“May4Movement”PeriodandModernTimes

Abstract:

Languageisasocialphenomenon,whichisdevelopingasthedevelopmentofsociety.Itdemonstratesdifferentcharacteristicsindifferentperiods,andloanwordsarethewitnessofhistoricalcontactoflanguages.Thesimplestwayofalanguageinfluencinganotherisborrowing.Andloanwordsaretheveryresultofculturecontactandintegration.So,wecanfindsomeculturalaspectsthroughthewords,anddigouttheinnerculturalpsychologyofanationbythewayshowwordsareborrowed.AsasourceofChinesenewwords,loanwordsplayanimportantpartinculturalcommunicationandaffectpeople’sdailylives.During“May4Movement”period,borrowedwordscomeintoChineseinlargenumbers.Comparedwiththeonesinmoderntimes,theydistinguishintheprevailingfields,acceptancedegree,spreadmanner,translationandinfluence.Languageiscommunicationofthoughtsandfeelingsthroughasystemofwrittensymbols,anditreflectsconstantchangeshappeningintheworldandamongitspeople.Itcannotberegulatedandshouldnotbelegislated.Asthemostactiveandsensitivepartinalanguage,vocabularyisamirrorwhichreflectsthevariationofsociallives.Theeffectofloanwordsliesin:

ononehand,absorbforeigncultureandnewconceptstocompletethenationallanguageitself,andtoenhancethedevelopmentofsocietyandculture.Ontheotherhand,promotethecommunicationbetweendifferentnations.Theintroductionofloanwordnotonlyhelpuslearnadvancedexperienceandtechnologyfromothercountriesandnations,butalsoenlargeChinesevocabularyatthesametime.Thispaperaimstodiscoverthelanguagetrendsindifferenttimesassocietydeveloping,whichisreflectedbythevocabularyaccumulation.

Keywords:

loanword,borrowedword,Chinese

Contents

1Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………1

2LiteratureReview………………………………………………………………………………2

3WordFormation…………………………………………………………………………………3

3.1Definitionofloanword………………………………………………………………………3

3.2Backgroundofwordborrowingindifferenttimes…………………………………………4

3.3Factorsthatpromotewordborrowing………………………………………………………7

3.4Characteristicsofloanword………………………………………………………………10

4InfluenceofLoanWord………………………………………………………………………11

4.1Historicalsignificance……………………………………………………………11

4.2Fieldswhereloanwordsstart………………………………………………………12

4.3Theacceptanceofforeignword……………………………………………………14

4.4HowEnglishloanwordsculturallyimpactonChineseinthenewera……………15

5TranslationofLoanWords……………………………………………………………16

5.1Standardization……………………………………………………………………………17

5.2Translationpatterns…………………………………………………………………………18

5.3HowarewordsexchangedbetweenEnglishandChinese…………………………………19

6LanguageDevelopment……………………………………………………………22

7Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………23

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………24

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………25

Appendix（Translation）………………………………………………………………………26

1Introduction

Loanwordsarewordsadoptedbythespeakersofonelanguagefromadifferentlanguage（thesourcelanguage）.ThehistoryofloanwordsinChinesecanbedividedintothreestages:

loanwordsofancientChinese,loanwordsofmodernChineseandloanwordsofcontemporaryChinese.EachhasitsownstrongpeculiarityduetotheprogressofChineseandChinesesociety.

Languageisasocialphenomenon,whichdevelopswiththedevelopmentofsociety.Itdemonstratesvariouscharacteristicsindifferenttimes.Andloanwordsarethewitnessofthelanguagecommunication.Onelanguageaffectsanotherbyborrowingbroadly,andloanwordsaregeneratedthroughthisculturalcontactandinteraction.So,wecandiscovermanyaspectsofsocietyandculturalpsychologyofanation.AcomparisonoftheChineseloanwordsin“May4Movement”Periodandmoderntimeshelpstounderstandthelanguagecharacteristics,culturalcommunicationandvocabularyevolution.

Loanwordsorganizedalongachronological-thematicframework.ItwillbrieflyrevealtheearlydaysoftranslatingAmericanandBritishfictionanddramaintoChinese,thesocialcontextinwhichthesetranslationsweredone,theliteraryideaswhichhaveaffectedtheworkofChinesewriters,andthesocialimpactthattranslatedworksofliteratureandliterarytheoryhavehadinvariousperiodsofliterature.

Borrowingisaconsequenceofculturalcontactbetweentwolanguagecommunities.Borrowingofwordscangoinbothdirectionsbetweenthetwolanguagesincontact,butoftenthereisanasymmetrywhenmorewordsgofromonesidetotheother.Inthiscase,thesourcelanguagecommunityhassomeadvantageofpower,prestigeorwealth,whichmakesthedesirableandusefulobjectsandideastotheborrowinglanguagecommunity.Themainreasonforusingborrowedwordsisthatnewelementsareintroducedfromanotherculture,buttherearenoproperwordsinthereceivinglanguagetonameitorexplainit.Consequently,thenewwordissimplyaddedwithsomevariations.

Inretrospect,languageisabletocleanseitself,withorwithoutstatutoryregulation.SomewordsthatsoundedalientomostChineseintheMay4thNewCultureMovementin1919arethecatchphrasesoftoday.Theywithstandthetestofthrivingorvanishing.Meanwhile,somewordsrepeateddayandnightjustdecadesagocouldnowonlybefoundinthearchivesorhistorybooks.

2LiteratureReview

Thesubjectofloanwordshasdrawnattentionandinterestofmanylexicologyexperts.Theydoresearchonthistopicfromnewviewpoint.

ShiYouweiinsiststhatlanguagecontacthastworelativecharacteristics:

theinequivalenceinnewcontactofdifferentnationsismoreprominent,anditplaysmoreimportanceatpresent.Therearethreefactorstoaffectthedevelopmentofloanwords:

featuresoflanguageandculture,languagepolicyandconditionofforeignlanguages,andcharacteristicsofpoliticsandeconomics.”（1998.10）

InNewFormationofChineseLoan-wordsandTheirRegulations,CaiMeiwrites:

“Inthepast20years,esp.sincethereformandopeningtotheoutsideofChina,alargenumberofloan-wordshavebeengraduallybroughtintomodernChineselanguage.Itispartlybecauseofourrapideconomicdevelopmentandpartybecauseofadvancementinscienceandtechnologyalloverthecountry.Thesenewly-bornloan-wordsvaryinformation.Absorbingnewwordsisnotsimplequotation,buttoalteraccordingtopronunciation,meaningandformstoadapttotherulesofwordformationinChinese”（2003.9）

InthepaperOnthePrevalenceofChineseBorrowingsfromEnglish,LiChengjunputsitinthisway:

“ThroughtheanalyzingofthebasicmodelsandfeaturesofEnglishloanwordsinChinese,itfindstheprevalencetrendsofloanwords.Thetransliterationisarisingwhilethefreetranslationislesserthanbefore.Itisinaccordancewiththeregulationsoflanguagedevelopment”（2002.1）

InMyViewontheScopeandDefinitionofLoanwords,SongYangholdsthatloanwordsaretheonesborrowedfromforeigncountries,affectedbytheirculture,butalsorestrictedbyChinesepronunciation,meaningandcharacters.Themeansofproducingloanwordsincludeliteraltranslation,freetranslationandamixtureofbothsometimes.（2006.8）

WangJinmeiwritesinherarticleTheAbsorptionofLoanWordsandthePurityofChinese,asnewthingsandconceptsenterChinainlargequantityandatahighspeed,manypeoplefearthattheloanwordswilldestroythepurityofChinese.WeshouldrecognizethattheyenrichthevocabularyofChinese,andrespondactivelytoputthenewwordsintousefulapplication.（2006.5）

InTheHistoryofWordsBorrowingandFeatures,WangShujianholdstheopinionthatthepenetrationofwordsisinevitableaslongascontactbetweenlanguagesexists.Whetheroneextendsitsrangeortheotherborrowsbecauseofitsownnecessity,theprocessgivesvitalitytothelanguageandbringsconveniencetocommunication.（2005.5）

3WordFormation

Aloanwordcanalsobecalledaborrowing.Theabstractnounborrowingreferstotheprocessofspeakersadoptingwordsfromasourcelanguageintotheirnativelanguage."

Loan"

and"

borrowing"

aremetaphors,becausethereisnoliterallendingprocess.Thereisnotransferfromonelanguagetoanother,andno"

returning"

wordstothesourcelanguage.Thewordssimplycometobeusedbyaspeechcommunitythatspeaksadifferentlanguagefromtheonethesewordsoriginatedin.

3.1Definitionofloanword

Aloanwordreferstoatermthatwasborrowedfromanotherlanguage.Borrowingisamethodforalanguagetoaddnewwordsfromotherlanguagesintoitsownsystem.Thatis,it“takesoverwordsfromotherlanguages.”（GeorgeYule,TheStudyofLanguage,p.65）InEnglish,borrowingbelongstooneoftheprocessesofDerivationalMorphology.Aloanwordisaworddirectlytakenintoonelanguagefromanotherwithlittleornotranslation.Thecalqueorloantranslationisarelatedprocesswherebythemeaningoridiomthatisborrowedratherthanthelexicalitemitself.

Thosewhofirstusethenewwordmightuseitatfirstonlywithspeakersofthesourcelanguagewhokn