新编跨文化交际英语Unit15课后答案Word格式文档下载.docx

新编跨文化交际英语Unit15课后答案Word格式文档下载.docx

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innovativecommunicationsystemshaveencouragedandfacilitatedculturalinteraction;

globalizationoftheeconomyhasbroughtpeopletogether;

changesinimmigrationpatternshavealsocontributedtointerculturalencounter.

4.Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”?

Culturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstoquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowweliveandcommunicatewithinthatworld.Cultureteachesushowtobehaveinourlifefromtheinstantofbirth.Itisomnipresent.

5.Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication?

Thethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceperceptionandcommunicationareculturalvalues,worldview（religion）,andsocialorganizations（familyandstate）.

6.Whatdoesone’sfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit?

Thefamilyteachesthechildwhattheworldlookslikeandhisorherplaceinthatworld.

7.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture?

Becauselanguageisnotonlyaformofpreservingculturebutalsoameansofsharingculture.Languageisanorganized,generallyagreed-upon,learnedsymbolsystemthatisusedtorepresenttheexperienceswithinaculturalcommunity.

8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto?

Peoplecanattachmeaningtononverbalbehaviorssuchasgestures,postures,facialexpressions,eyecontactandgaze,touch,etc.

9.Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist?

Afree,culturallydiversesocietycanexistonlyifdiversityispermittedtoflourishwithoutprejudiceanddiscrimination,bothofwhichharmallmembersofthesociety.

1.Whichofthedefinitionsgivenabovedoyouprefer?

Why?

Somemaypreferashortdefinition,suchastheonegivenbyE.SapirorR.Benedict,foritishighlygeneralizedandeasytoremember.Somemaypreferalongerone,suchasEdwardT.Hall‘sdefinitionofculture,becauseitprovidesuswithamorecomprehensiveunderstandingofcultureandpointsouttheall-pervasiveimpactofcultureonhumanlifeindifferentdimensions.

2.Whathaveyoulearnedfromthosedefinitionsaboutculture?

Manythingscanbelearnedfromthosedefinitions,foreachdefinition,thoughnotwithoutitslimitations,tellsussomethingveryimportantaboutcultureorcertainaspect（s）ofculture.

3.Doyouagreethatourlowerneedsalwayshavetobesatisfiedbeforewecantrytosatisfythehigherneeds?

Eventhoughthisisgenerallythecase,therewillstillbesomeexceptions.Sometimespeoplemightprefertosatisfyhigherneeds,forinstance,esteemneeds,beforetheirlowerneeds,suchascertainphysiologicalneedsorsafetyneeds,aresatisfied.

4.Whatexamplescanyougiveabouthowpeopleofdifferentculturesachievethesameendsbytakingdifferentroads?

Forexample,everyonehastoeatinordertoliveandthisisuniversallytrue.However,tosatisfythisbasicneed,peopleofvariousculturesmaydoitinverydifferentways:

whattoeatandhowtoeatitvaryfromculturetoculture.

5.Whatbehaviorsofoursarebornwithandwhatarelearnedintheculturalenvironment?

Instinctivebehaviorsarebehaviorsthatwearebornwithandwaysofdoingthingsindailylife,suchaswaysofeating,drinking,dressing,findingshelter,makingfriends,marrying,anddealingwithdeatharelearnedintheculturalenvironment.

6.Whatotherculturaldifferencesdoyouknowinthewaypeopledothingsintheireverydaylife?

Wecanalsofindculturaldifferencesinwaysofbringingupchildren,treatingtheelderly,greetingeachother,savingandspendingmoney,andmanyotherthingspeopledoineverydaylife.

7.InwhatwaysaretheChineseeatinghabitsdifferentfromthoseoftheEnglish-speakingcountries?

WeChinesemayenjoysomethingthatisnotusuallyconsideredasediblebytheEnglish-speakingpeople.Generallyweprefertohavethingshotandlaymuchemphasisontastes.Wetendtosharethingswitheachotherwhenweareeatingwithothers.

1.WhyisitcomparativelyeasytomakefriendsintheUnitedStates?

BecausefewAmericansstayputforalifetime.Witheachmove,formingnewfriendshipbecomesanecessityandpartoftheirnewlife.

2.Dopeoplefromdifferentcountriesusuallyhavedifferentexpectationsaboutwhatconstitutesfriendshipandhowitcomesintobeing?

Yes.Thedifficultywhenstrangersfromtwocountriesmeetistheirdifferentexpectationsaboutwhatconstitutesfriendshipandhowitcomesintobeing.

3.HowisfriendshipinAmericadifferentfromfriendshipinWestEurope?

InWestEurope,friendshipisquitesharplydistinguishedfromother,morecasualrelationships,isusuallymoreparticularizedandcarriesaheavierburdenofcommitment,whileinAmericatheword―friendcanbeappliedtoawiderangeofrelationshipandafriendshipmaybesuperficial,casual,situationalordeepandenduring.

4.Inwhatcountrydoesfriendshiphavemuchtodowithone’sfamily?

Andinwhatcountrydoesitnot?

InGermany,friendshiphasmuchtodowithone‘sfamilyasfriendsareusuallybroughtintothefamily,whileinFranceitdoesn‘tas,forinstance,twomenmayhavebeenfriendsforalongtimewithoutknowingeachother‘spersonallife.

5.Whatisfriendshiplikewhenitiscompartmentalized?

Forinstance,amanmayplaychesswithafriendforthirtyyearswithoutknowinghispoliticalopinions,orhemaytalkpoliticswithhimforaslongatimewithoutknowingabouthispersonallife.Differentfriendsfilldifferentnichesineachperson‘slife.

6.WhatarefriendshipsusuallybasedoninEngland?

Englishfriendshipsarebasedonsharedactivity.Activitiesatdifferentstagesoflifemaybeofverydifferentkinds.Inthemidstoftheactivity,whateveritmaybe,peoplefallintostepsandfindthattheyparticipateintheactivitywiththesameeasyanticipationofwhateachwilldodaybydayorinsomecriticalsituation.

7.Doyouthinkfriendshipsharessomecommonelementsindifferentcultures?

Ifyoudo,whatarethey?

Yes.Thereistherecognitionthatfriendship,incontrastwithkinship,invokesfreedomofchoice.Afriendissomeonewhochoosesandischosen.Relatedtothisisthesenseeachfriendgivestheotherofbeingaspecialindividual,onwhatevergroundsthisrecognitionisbased.Andbetweenfriendsthereisinevitablyakindofequalityofgive-and-take.

8.WhatdoyouthinkisthetypicalChineseconceptoffriendship?

IsitsimilartoordifferentfromanyoftheWesternfriendships?

ItseemsthatthetypicalChineseconceptoffriendshiplaysgreatemphasisonpersonalloyaltyandalsohasmuchtodowithfamily.ItmaybesimilartoGermanyfriendshiptosomeextentandquitedifferentfromotherWesternfriendships.

9.Whatisyourfamilylike?

Inwhataspectsisitthesameasordifferentfromthetraditional?

Whatproblemsmayarisewhenpeoplefromdifferentfamilybackgroundscommunicatewithoneanother?

Asweallknow,manyculturaldifferencesexistinfamilystructuresandvalues.Insomecultures,thefamilyisthecenteroflifeandthemainframeofreferencefordecisions;

whileinothers,theindividual,notthefamily,isprimary.ManyChinesefamiliesarestillquitetraditional.Theyareoftenextendedfamilies,withthreeorevenfourgenerationslivingunderthesameroof.Insuchfamilies,peoplemaycarealotaboutfamilies’welfare,reputationandhonor.Nomatterwhattheydo,theytendtoputtheinterestofthewholefamilyasthetoppriority.Forthem,thefamilyasawholealwayscomesfirst,anditsindividualmembersaresecond.However,therearealsomanyChinesefamiliesnowinwhichindividualneedsaregivenmorestressthaneverbeforeandtherelationshipbetweenparentsandchildrenaremoreegalitarianthanhierarchical.Therefore,communicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentfamilybackgroundsmaybeinterculturaltosomeextent.Whatoneconsidersasappropriatemayberegardedasimproperbytheother,andsometimesitwouldbeverydifficultforthemtounderstandeachotherinthewayeachofthempreferstobeunderstood.

1.Whatcanwedotoavoidattributingaverydifferentmeaningtothephraseorinterpretitmuchmoreliterally?

Wehavetobeawareoftheculturalimplicationsofthephrase.

2.Whataretheotherfunctionsofusingquestionformsapartfromaskingforinformation?

Itservesasalubricanttomovetheconversationforward.Aquestionthathasthisfunctioncanbecalleda―socialquestion.

3.WhyarethoseGermansgettingstifferandmorereservedallthetimewhenvisitingIngridZerbe?

Theyareconfusedabouthowtoaddressher,forsheintroducesherselfbyfirstandlastnameratherthanbylastnameandprofessionaltitle.

4.Howdoestheenvironmentinfluencetheuseoflanguage?

Languagereflectstheenvironmentinwhichwelive.Weuselanguagetolabelthethingsthatarearoundus.

5.Doestheauthorthinkthereareexactequivalentsindictionariesthathavethesamemeaningsindifferentcultur