GRE考试阅读理解每日一练十至十二.docx

GRE考试阅读理解每日一练十至十二.docx

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GRE考试阅读理解每日一练十至十二

2015年GRE考试阅读理解：

每日一练

（十至十二）

十

　　Somemodernanthropologistsholdthatbiologicalevolutionhasshapednotonlyhumanmorphologybutalsohumanbehavior.TherolethoseanthropologistsLineascribetoevolutionisnotofdictatingthedetailsofhumanbehaviorbutoneofimposingconstraints—waysoffeeling,thinking,andactingthat―comenaturally‖inarchetypalsituationsinanyculture.Our―frailties‖–emotionsandmotivessuchasrage,fear,greed,gluttony,joy,lust,love—maybeaverymixedassortment,buttheyshareatleastoneimmediatequality:

weare,aswesay,―inthegrip‖ofthem.Andthustheygiveusoursenseofconstraints.Unhappily,someofthosefrailties—ourneedforever-increasingsecurityamongthem—arepresentlymaladaptive.Yetbeneaththeoverlayofculturaldetail,they,too,aresaidtobebiologicalindirection,andthereforeasnaturaltousasareourappendixes.Wewouldneedtocomprehendthoroughlytheiradaptiveoriginsinordertounderstandhowbadlytheyguideusnow.Andwemightthenbegintoresisttheirpressure.

　　1.Whichofthefollowingmostprobablyprovidesanappropriateanalogyfromhumanmorphologyforthe―details‖versus―constraints‖　distinctionmadeinthepassageinrelationtohumanbehavior?

　　（A）Theabilityofmostpeopletoseeallthecolorsofthevisiblespectrumasagainst　mostpeople‘sinabilitytonameanybuttheprimarycolors

　　（B）Theabilityofeventheleastfortunatepeopletoshowcompassionasagainstpeople‘sinabilitytomasktheirfeelingscompletely

　　（C）Theabilityofsomepeopletodivetogreatdepthsasagainstmostpeople‘sinabilitytoswimlongdistances

　　（D）Thepsychologicalprofileofthosepeoplewhoareabletodelaygratificationasagainstpeople‘sinabilitytocontroltheirlivescompletely

　　（E）Thegreaterlungcapacityofmountainpeoplesthathelpsthemliveinoxygen-poorairasagainstpeople‘sinabilitytofly　withoutspecialapparatus

　　2.Itcanbeinferredthatinhisdiscussionofmaladaptivefrailtiestheauthorassumesthat

　　（A）evolutiondoesnotfavortheemergenceofadaptivecharacteristicsovertheemergenceofmaladaptiveones

　　（B）anystructureorbehaviornotpositivelyadaptiveisregardedastransitoryinevolutionarytheory

　　（C）maladaptivecharacteristics,oncefixed,maketheemergenceofothermaladaptivecharacteristicsmorelikely

　　（D）thedesignationofacharacteristicasbeingmaladaptivemustalwaysremainhighly　tentative

　　（E）changesinthetotalhumanenvironmentcanoutpaceevolutionarychange

　　ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth‘satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.AlthoughthesemoleculesLineallowradiationatvisiblewavelengths,wheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcentrated,topassthrough,theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelength,infraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth‘ssurface,radiationthatwouldotherwisebetransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperature,suchemissionsfromtheplanetmustbalanceincomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocar-bondioxideintheatmosphere,heatwouldescapefromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily.Thesurfacetemperaturewould　besomuchlowerthattheoceansmightbeasolidmassofice.（120words）

　　3.Accordingtothepassage,thegreatestpartofthesolarenergythatreachestheEarthis

　　（A）concentratedintheinfraredspectrum

　　（B）concentratedatvisiblewavelengths

　　（C）absorbedbycarbondioxidemolecules

　　（D）absorbedbyatmosphericwatervapor

　　（E）reflectedbacktospacebysnowandice

　　Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply

　　4.Accordingtothepassage,atmosphericcarbondioxideperformswhichofthefollowingfunctions

　　Aabsorbingradiationatvisiblewavelengths

　　BabsorbingoutgoingradiationfromtheEarth

　　ChelpingtoretainheatneartheEarth‘ssurface

　　InitiallytheVinavertheorythatMalory‘seightromances,oncethoughttobefundamentallyunified.wereinfacteightindependentworksproducedbotha　Linesenseofreliefandanunpleasantshock.Vinaver‘stheorycomfortablyexplainedawaytheapparentcontradictionsofchronologyandmadeeachromance　independentlysatisfying.Itwas,however,disagreeabletofindthatwhathadbeenthoughtofasonebookwas　noweightbooks.Partofthisresponsewasthenaturalreactiontothedisturbanceofsetideas.Nevertheless,　evennow,afterlengthyconsiderationofthetheory‘srefinedbutlegitimateobservations,onecannotavoidtheconclusionthattheeightromancesareonlyonework.Itisnotquiteamatterofdisagreeingwiththetheoryofindependence,butofrejectingitsimplications:

thattheromancesmaybetakeninanyornoparticular　order,thattheyhavenocumulativeeffect,andthatthey　areasseparateastheworksofamodernnovelist.

　　（154words）

　　Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply

　　5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbelieveswhichofthefollowingaboutMalory‘sworks?

　　ATherearemeaningfullinksbetweenandamongtheromances.

　　BThesubtletiesoftheromancesareobscuredwhentheyaretakenasonework.

　　CAnycontradictionsinchronologyamongtheromancesarelessimportantthantheiroverallunity.

　　6.TheauthorofthepassageconcedeswhichofthefollowingabouttheVinavertheory?

　　（A）ItgivesaclearerunderstandingoftheunityofMalory‘sromances.

　　（B）ItdemonstratestheirrationalityofconsideringMalory‘sromancestobeunified.

　　（C）ItestablishesacceptablelinksbetweenMalory‘sromancesandmodernnovels.

　　（D）ItunifiesearlierandlatertheoriesconcerningthechronologyofMalory‘sromances.

　　（E）Itmakesvalidandsubtlecommentsabout　Malory‘sromances.

　　7.Selectthesentenceinthepassagethatsuggeststhat,inevaluatingtheVinavertheory,somecriticswereinitiallybiasedbypreviousinterpretationsofMalory‘s　work.

　　ThehistorianFrederickJ.Turnerwroteinthe1890‘sthattheagrariandiscontentthathadbeendevelopingsteadilyintheUnitedStatessinceabout1870hadbeen　Lineprecipitatedbytheclosingoftheinternalfrontier--thatis,thedepletionofavailablenewlandneededforfurtherexpansionoftheAmericanfarmingsystem.Actually,however,newlandsweretakenupforfarminginthe　UnitedStatesthroughoutandbeyondthenineteenth　century.TheemphasisofthepresumeddisappearanceoftheAmericanfrontierobscuredthegreatimportanceof　changesintheconditionsandconsequencesof　internationaltradethatoccurredduringthesecondhalfof　thenineteenthcentury.Hugetractsoflandwerebeing　settledandfarmedinArgentina,Australia,Canada,andintheAmericanWest,andtheseareaswerejoinedwithone　anotherandwiththecountriesofEuropeintoan　interdependentmarketsystem.Consequently,agrarian　depressionsnolongerwerelocalornationalinscope,and　theystruckseveralnationswhoseinternalfrontiershadnotvanishedorwerenotabouttovanish.Betweenthe　early1870‘sandthe1890‘s,themountingagrarian　discontentinAmericaparalleledthealmostuninterrupted　declineinthepricesofAmericanagriculturalproductson　foreignmarkets.

　　（198words）

　　8.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith

　　（A）showingthatacertaininterpretationisbettersupportedbytheevidencethanisanalternativeexplanation

　　（B）developinganalternativeinterpretationbyusingsourcesofevidencethatformerlyhadbeenunavailable

　　（C）questioningtheaccuracyoftheevidencethatmostscholarshaveusedtocountertheauthor‘sowninterpretation

　　（D）reviewingtheevidencethatformerlyhadbeenthoughttoobscureavalidinterpretation

　　（E）presentingevidenceinsupportofa　controversialversionofanearlier　interpretation.

　　9.Accordingtotheauthor,changesintheconditionsofinternationaltraderesultedinan

　　（A）underestimationoftheamountofnewlandthatwasbeingfamedintheUnitedStates

　　（B）underutilizationofrelativelysmallbutrichplotsofland

　　（C）overexpansionoftheworldtransportationnetworkforshippingagricultural　products

　　（D）extensionofagrariandepressionsbeyondnationalboundaries

　　（E）emphasisontheimportanceofmarket　forcesindeterminingthepricesof　agriculturalproducts

　　10.Theauthorimpliesthat,aftercertainterritoriesandcountrieshadbeenjoinedintoaninterdependentmarketsysteminthenineteenthcentury,agrariandepressionswithinthatsystem

　　（A）spreadtoseveralnations,excludingthosein　whichtheinternalfrontierremainedopen

　　（B）manifestedthemselvesinseveralnations,includingthoseinwhichnewland　remainedavailableforfarming

　　（C）sloweddownthepaceofnewtechnologicaldevelopmentsininternationalcommunicationsandtransportation

　　（D）affectedthelocalandnationalpricesofthenonagriculturalproductsofseveralnations

　　（E）encouragedseveralnationstosellmoreof　theiragriculturalproductsonforeign　markets

　　11.Theauthor‘sargumentimpliesthat,comparedtotheyearlypricechangesthatactuallyoccurredonforeignagriculturalmarketsduring　the1880‘s,Americanfarmerswouldhavemostpreferredyearlypricechangesthatwere

　　（A）muchsmallerandinthesamedirection

　　（B）muchsmallerbutintheoppositedirection

　　（C）slightlysmallerandinthesamedirection

　　（D）similarinsizebutintheoppositedirection

　　（E）slightlygreaterandinthesamedirection

　　Whenthesameparametersandquantitativetheory　areusedtoanalyzebothtermitecoloniesandtroops　ofrhesusmacaques,wewillhaveaunifiedscienceof　sociobiology.Ihavebeenincreasinglyimpressedwiththe　functionalsimilaritiesbetween