非谓语动词.docx
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非谓语动词
非谓语动词
一、定义:
非谓语动词就是在句子中不能单独作谓语的动词,这样的动词没有人称和数的变化,它包括动词的不定式,v-ing和v-ed三种形式。
二、性质:
非谓语动词既有动词性质,又有非动词性质。
它可以有自己的宾语和状语。
Hefounditdifficulttolearnmaths.
IrememberedbeingtakentoNewYorkwhenIwasyoung.
非谓语动词有时态和语态的变化。
Havingsufferedsuchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.
Beingpaintednow,thehousecan’tbelivedin.
三、
形式:
1.基本形式:
2.其他形式:
类别
语态
意义和用法
主动语态
被动语态
v-ing
一般式
making
beingmade
常表示“主动”和“进行”
完成式
havingmade
havingbeenmade
表示v-ing的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,一般在句中作时间或原因状语
不定式
一般式
tomake
tobemade
不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之后或几乎同时发生
进行式
tobemaking
谓语动词的动作发生时,不定式动词的动作正在进行
完成式
tohavemade
tohavebeenmade
不定式的动作先于谓语动作
非谓语动词的几种被动形式的使用和区别
被动形式
意义与用法
tobedone
表示未做的被动动作或行为
beingdone
表示正在做或进行的被动动作或行为
havingbeendone
表示先于某个动作的被动动作或行为(一般不用作后置定语)done表示被动的动作或行为,其动作可以先于主句动作,与主句动作同时进行或是主句动作之后的延续结果
3.非谓语动词的否定形式
非谓语动词的否定形式一律在非谓语动词的前面:
not+非谓语动词
nottodo;notdoing;notdone
Heregrettednottellingherthetruth.
Hewarnedtheboynottoswimintheriver.
四、句法功能:
类别
主语
表语
定语
宾语
补语
状语
独立成分
不定式
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
v-ing
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
v-ed
√
√
√
√
1.Sende-mailsismoreandmorepopular.主语
2.It’snousetakingthiskindofmedicine.主语
3.Thefilmissomoved.表语
4.Icouldn’thelpcryingwhenIheardthebadnews.宾语
5.Iheardthegirlsingingintheclassroom.宾补
五、具体成分的使用:
1.V-ing和V-ed用法归纳:
1)V-ing作主语(谓语动词用单数),v-ed不能作主语
Usingcomputersisverycommoninourdailylife.
2)V-ing作表语与v–ed分词作表语的区别
Thestoryisinteresting.
Thelittlegirlisinterestedinthestory.
Thenewsisdisappointing.
Hewasdisappointedtoheartheresult.
Whentheboyswerewatchingtheexcitingfilm,theywereveryexcited
Thestudentsareallmovedbythemovingstory.
Whenshesawthesurprisingresult,shegaveusasurprisedlook.
区别:
v-ing作表语时表示某物具有的性质,常翻译为”令人……”。
v-ed做表语具有被动的概念,一般表示某人对某事的感觉或者体验,解释为“感到...”。
3)v-ing可作宾语,v-ed不能作宾语:
Wemissedseeingthatfilmwhenitwasatthelocalcinema.
Heoftenimaginesflying.
Hedreamsaboutbeingadoctor
掌握只能跟v-ing作宾语的动词及短语
admit,advise,appreciate(感谢),avoid,consider,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse(原谅),fancy(想象),finish,forgive,imagine,keepon,mind,miss,practise,risk,suggest,giveup,can’thelp,cannotstand等
Haveyouconsideredlookingforonespecialfriend?
Hedislikedfightinginanyform.
Idonotfeellikegoingtoworktoday.
4)v-ing和v-ed作宾补时的区别:
Theykeptmewaitingforalongtime.
Hewatchedthecarscomingandgoing.
Isawhimplayingcard.
IhadmyMP3repairedlastweek.
WeheardthissongsunginEnglish.
NomatterhowItry,Ijustcan’tmakemyselfunderstoodbytheforeigner.
V-ing用作宾补时,和句子中的宾语构成主动关系,说明宾语一直在做或正在做某事.V-ed用作宾补时,和句子中的宾语构成被动关系,说明宾语的情况
5)v-ing和v-ed作定语时的区别:
asingingbird.asleepingdogamancarryingababyastudentplayingwithknife
peoplefightingagainstwarsaswimmingpoolawritingdesk
awoundedmonkeyabrokenchairboiledwaterasoldierwoundedbyknife
aroadcoveredwithsnow
v-ing作定语表示动作;v-ed作定语表示状态。
6)v-ing和v-ed作状语时的区别:
Beingill,Ican’tgotowork.(原因状语)
Seeingthehouseonfire,shecalled119.(时间状语)
Hesatonastone,readingabook.(伴随状语)
Hearingthegoodnews,wealljumpedupwithjoy.(时间状语)
Thehusbanddied,leavinghiswifethreedaughters.(结果状语)
Seenfromthetopofthemountain,thevillageisverybeautiful.(时间状语)
Cookedinaspecialway,thefishtastesverynice.(原因状语)
Givenmoretime,wecouldfinishthejob.(条件状语)
Thepresidententeredthehall,followedbyhisguards.(伴随状语)
7)常用v-ing形式短语:
accordingto根据judgingfrom从…判断
talkingof谈到allowingfor考虑到
Judgingfromtheaccent,hemustbefromthesouth.
2.不定式(todo)的用法:
1)可作主语
Toloseyourheartmeansfailure.
1)不定式做主语时,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。
Itisadj/ntodosth
Ittakessbsometimetodosth
Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.
Itisverydifficultforhimtofinishthepaperinsuchashorttime.
2)可作表语
a.如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。
(一致性)
Todotwothingsatatimeistodoneither.
Toseeistobelieve.
b.betodo结构表将来时:
HeistomarryRose.
c.如果主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语对主语起补充说明作用。
Hiswishistobuyacarinthenearfuture.
Themostimportantthingistotakemeasurestopreventthepollution.
Whatshewantstodomostnowistotravelabroad.
3)可作宾语
Sherefusedtocomehere.
后面用不定式作宾语即用v+todo…结构的常用动词有:
afford,aim,agree,appear,arrange,ask,decide,bother,care,choose,demand,desire,determine,elect,expect,fail,happen(碰巧),hope,fail,hate,help,intend,learn,long(渴望),manage(设法),mean,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish……
有些动词可以要求其后的不定式前面加一个连接副(代)词,一起充当宾语。
what,when,where,which,how,whether等,但不可以是why。
例如:
decide,know,consider,forget,learn,show,wonder,findout,tell,inquire等
Theyareconsideringwhattodonext.
还可用it代替不定式作形式宾语.
findit+adj+todosth
Ifounditimpossibletoanswerallthequestionswithinthetimegiven.
Somewhowerefamousintheirowntimeswouldfinditdifficulttoachievesuccesstoday.
有些动词既可以用不定式作宾语也可以用v-ing作宾语,但是在意义上有区别:
remembertodo
rememberdoing
forgettodo
forgetdoing
regrettodo
regretdoing
meantodo
meandoing
stoptodo
stopdoing
trytodo
trydoing
goontodo
goondoing
4)可作宾语补足语:
Myteacheraskedmetogothereontime.
Weoftenhearhersingthesongathome.
动词不定式作宾语补足语时to要省略的动词有:
1.感官动词see,hear,notice,watch,observe,feel,listento等;
2.使役动词have,make,let
5)可作定语:
不定式修饰的名词前有only,last,next,nota,序数词(first,second,..)或形容词最高级形容时,不定式作后置定语,与其所修饰的名词通常逻辑上是主谓关系。
Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday.
CharlesLindberghisthefirstmantoflytheAtlanticalone.
6)可作状语:
a.不定式可以用来做目的状语,相当于用inorderto,soasto引导的目的状语。
Timsatnearthefiretogetwarm.
“Whywasthespecialmeetingcalled?
”“Toelectthenewofficers(officials).”
b.不定式可以用来做结果状语,常用enoughto,sufficientto,onlyto,neverto,so+形容词/副词+asto引导。
Itriedthedoor,onlytofinditlockedinside.
c.常用与不定式有关的副词短语:
tomakematterworse更糟的是tobehonest直率地说
tobeginwith首先tosumup总之,总而言之
六、常见考点类型:
1.主语一致性的考查
1._______fromthehill,youcangetthewholetown.
2._______fromthehill,thewholetownlooksbeautiful.
3.Waitingforabus,_____.
A.abrickfellonmyheadB.Alittlegirlcametotalkwithme.
C.IwashitbyabrickontheheadD.Iwashitbyabrickonmyhead
2.一般式与完成式的考查
(04北京)29._____inthequeueforhalfanhour,Tomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthiswalletathome.
A.TowaitB.HavewaitedC.HavingwaitedD.Tohavewaited
(04吉林)28.“Wecan’tgooutinthisweather,”saidBob,_______outofthewindow.
A.lookingB.tolookC.lookedD.havinglooked
3.主动与被动的考查
1.你知道他们正在讨论的话题吗?
Doyouknowthetopic______________now?
(discuss)
2.这个小男孩最后被看见在河边踢球。
Themissingboywaslastseen_________neartheriver.(play)
4.句子成分混淆
改错:
1.Therearealotofstudentsareplantingtreesonthesmallhill.
2.Helayonthegrass,andlookingatthesky.
3.ThebookbelongstoMaryislost.
七、跟踪练习:
A.Completethesesentenceswiththerightformoftheverb.
1.Thehouseholdertried__________(fit)aburglaralarmtothehousetodeterthieves.
2.Iremember__________(read)aboutthatkidnappingcase(绑架案)inthepaperssomeyearsago.
3.Iregret___________(inform)youthatyourcartaxhasexpired(过期了).
4.Sellingmycarwillmean____________(walk)homeinthedarkeverynight.
5.I’msurePeterdidn’tmean______________(hurt)thelittlegirl–heonlypushedher.
6.Iregretnot_____________(tell)thepoliceaboutmysuspicions(怀疑).
7.Ilike____________(keep)aneyeonmyneighbors’houseswhentheyareaway.
8.Thepolicemantalkedaboutrobberyingeneralandthenhewenton____________(talk)aboutsentencing(判刑).
9.Iwasmugged(拍照)asIstopped______________(doup)myshoelace(鞋带).
10.Iwasn’tshoplifting–Ijustforgot_______________(pay)forthescarf.
B.Choosethebestanswers:
1.Thestudentsarekeptbusy_____theirlessons.
A.toreviewB.reviewC.reviewingD.onreviewing
2.Iconsider_____toseethefilmnextSunday.
A.togoB.goC.tobegoingD.going
3.Iwouldn’tadvise______therebybus,becauseitistoocrowded.
A.goB.togoC.togoingD.going
4.Iadvised_____atonce.
A.himtostartingB.himtostartC.tostartingD.tostart
5.Wedon’tallow_____inthisroom
A.smokingB.tosmokeC.peoplesmokingD.peopletosmoking
6.Youshouldn’tallow_____gamesneartheclassroomforit’stoonoisy.
A.studentplayingB.toplay
C.studentstoplayD.toplaying
7.Themotherwasasked_____TVeveryevening.
A.nottoletherchildrenwatchB.nottoletherchildrentowatch
C.notletherchildrenwatchD.notletherchildrenwatching
8._____time,he’llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.(2003)
A.HavinggivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Given
9.Theteacheraskedus_____somuchnoise.(2003)
A.don’tmakeB.notmakeC.notmakingD.nottomake
10.Onelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesand_____them.
A.correctB.correctingC.correctsD.tocorrect
Keys:
CDDBACADDB
八、历年考题:
2005年
1.Thestormleft,alotofdamagetothisarea.
A.causedB.tohavecausedC.tocauseD.havingcaused
2.______,themoreexpensivethecamera,thebetteritsquality.
A.GeneralspeakingB.Speakinggeneral
C.GenerallyspeakingD.Speakinggenerally
3.Whilewatchingtelevision,_____.
A.thedoorbellrangB.thedoorbellrings
C.weheardthedoorbellringD.weheardthedoorbellring