Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则.docx

Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则.docx

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Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则

Foreword

ByRajatGupta,ICCChairman

Theglobaleconomyhasgivenbusinessbroaderaccessthaneverbeforetomarketsallovertheworld.Goodsaresoldinmorecountries，inlargequantities,andingreatervariety.Butasthevolumeandcomplexityofglobalsalesincrease,sodopossibilitiesformisunderstandingsandcostlydisputeswhensalecontractsarenotadequatelydrafted.

TheIncoterms®rules,theICCrulesontheuseofdomesticandinternationaltradeterms,facilitatetheconductofglobaltrade.ReferencetoanIncoterms2021ruleinasalecontractclearlydefinestheparties'respectiveobligationsandreducestheriskoflegalcomplications.

SincethecreationoftheIncotermsrulesbyICCin1936,thisgloballyacceptedcontractualstandardhasbeenregularlyupdatedtokeeppacewiththedevelopmentofinternationaltrade.TheIncoterms2021rulestakeaccountofthecontinuedspreadofcustoms-freezones,theincreaseduseofelectroniccommunicationsinbusinesstransactions,heightenedconcernaboutsecurityinthemovementofgoodsandconsolidatesintransportpractices.Incoterms2021updatesandconsolidatesthe'delivered'rules,reducingthetotalnumberofrulesfrom13to11,andoffersasimplerandclearerpresentationofalltherules.Incoterms2021isalsothefirstversionoftheIncotermsrulestomakeallreferencestobuyersandsellersgender-neutral.

ThebroadexpertiseofICC'sCommissiononCommercialLawandPractice,whosemembershipisdrawnfromallpartsoftheworldandalltradesectors,ensuresthattheIncoterms2021rulesrespondtobusinessneedseverywheredefinestheparties'respectiveobligationsandreducestheriskoflegalcomplications.

ICCwouldliketoexpressitsgratitudetothemembersoftheCommission,chairedbyFabioBortolotti（Italy）,totheDraftingGroup,whichcomprisedCharlesDebattista（Co-Chair,France）,JensBredow（Germany）,JohnnyHerre（Sweden）,DavidLwee（UK）,LauriRailas（Finland）,FrankReynolds（US）,andMiroslavSubert（SzechRepublic）,andtoAskoRaty（Finland）forassistancewiththeimagesdepictingthe11rules.

INTRODUCTION

TheIncoterms®rulesexplainasetofthree-lettertradetermsreflectingbusiness-to-businesspracticeincontractsforthesaleofgoods.TheIncoterms®rulesdescribemainlythetasks,costsandrisksinvolvedinthedeliveryofgoodsfromsellerstobuyers.

HowtousetheIncoterms®2021rules

1.IncorporatetheIncoterms®2021rulesintoyourcontractofsale

IfyouwanttheIncoterms®2021rulestoapplytoyourcontract,youshouldmakethisclearinthecontract,throughsuchwordsas,“[thechosenIncotermsruleincludingthenamedplace,followedby]Incoterms®2021〞.

2.ChoosetheappropriateIncotermsrule

ThechosenIncotermsruleneedstobeappropriatetothegoods,tothemeansoftheirtransport,andabovealltowhetherthepartiesintendtoputadditionalobligations,forexamplesuchastheobligationtoorganizecarriageorinsurance,ontheselleroronthebuyer.TheGuidanceNotetoeachIncotermsrulecontainsinformationthatisparticularlyhelpfulwhenmakingthischoice.WhicheverIncotermsruleischosen,thepartiesshouldbeawaretheinterpretationoftheircontractmaywellbeinfluencedbycustomsparticulartotheportorplacebeingused.

3.Specifyyourplaceorportaspreciselyaspossible

ThechosenIncotermsrulecanworkonlyifthepartiesnameaplaceorport,andwillworkbestifthepartiesspecifytheplaceorportaspreciselyaspossible.

Agoodexampleofsuchprecisionwouldbe:

：

“FCA38CoursAlbert1er,Paris,FranceIncoterms2021〞.

UndertheIncotermsrule

ExWorks（EXW）,

FreeCarrier（FCA）,

DeliveredatTerminal（DAT）,

DeliveredatPlace（DAP）,

DeliveredDutyPaid（DDP）,

FreeAlongsideShip（FAS）,

andFreeonBoard（FOB）,

thenamedplaceistheplacewheredeliverytakesplaceand

whereriskpassesfromthesellertothebuyer.

UndertheIncotermsrule

CarriagePaidto（CPT）,

CarriageandInsurancePaidto（CIP）,

CostandFreight（CFR）

Cost,InsuranceandFreight（CIF）,

Thenamedplacediffersfromtheplaceofdelivery.UnderthesefourIncotermsrules,thenamedplaceistheplaceofdestinationtowhichcarriageispaid.

Indicationsastoplaceordestinationcanhelpfullybefurtherspecifiedbystatingaprecisepointinthatplaceordestinationinordertoavoiddoubtorargument.

4.RememberthatIncotermsrulesdonotgiveyouacompletecontractofsale

Incotermsrulesdosaywhichpartytothesalecontracthastheobligationtomakecarriageorinsurancearrangements,whenthesellerdeliversthegoodstothebuyer,andwhichcostseachpartyisresponsiblefor.

Incotermsrules,however,saynothingaboutthepricetobepaidorthemethodofitspayment.Neitherdotheydealwiththetransferofownershipofthegoods,ortheconsequencesofabreachofcontract.Thesemattersarenormallydealtwiththroughexpresstermsinthecontractofsaleorinthelawgoverningthatcontract.Thepartiesshouldbeawarethatmandatorylocallawmayoverrideanyaspectofthesalecontract,includingthechosenIncotermsrules.

MainfeaturesoftheIncoterm@2021rules

1.TwonewIncotermsruls–DATandDAP–havereplacedtheIncoterms2000rulesDAF,DESDEQandDDU.

ThenumberofIncotermsruleshasbeenreducedfrom13to11.

Thishasbeenachievedbysubstitutingtworulesthatmaybeusedirrespectiveoftheagreedmodeoftransport—DAT,DeliveredatTerminal,andDAP,DeliveredatPlace—fortheIncoterms2000rulesDAF,DES,DEQandDDU.

Underbothnewrules,deliveryoccursatanameddestination:

inDAT,atthebuyer’sdisposalunloadedfromthearrivingvehicle（asundertheformerDEQrule）;inDAP,likewiseatthebuyer’sdisposal,butreadyforunloading（asundertheformerDAF,DESandDDUrules）.

ThenewrulesmaketheIncoterms2000rulesDESandDEQsuperfluous.ThenamedterminalinDATmaywellbeinaport,andDATcanthereforesafelybeusedincaseswheretheIncoterms2000ruleDEQoncewas.Likewise,thearriving“vehicle〞underDAPmaywellbeashipandthenamedplaceofdestinationmaywellbeaport:

consequently,DAPcansafelybeusedincaseswheretheIncoterms2000ruleDESoncewas.Thesenewrules,liketheirpredecessors,are“delivered〞,withthesellerbearingallthecosts（otherthanthoserelatedtoimportclearance,whereapplicable）andrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodstothenamedplaceofdestination.

2.Classificationofthe11Incoterms®2021rules

The11Incoterms®2021rulesarepresentedintwodistinctclasses：

RULESFORANYMODEORMODESOF

TRANSPOTR

EXWEXWORKS

FCAFREECARRIER

CPTCARRIAGEPAIDTO

CIPCARRIAGEANDINSURANCEPAIDTO

DATDELIVEREDATTERMINAL

DAPDELIVEREDATPLACE

DDPDELIVEREDDUTYPAID

RULESFORSEAANDINLANDWATERWAYTRANSPORT

FASFREEALONGSIDESHIP

FOBFREEONBOARD

CFRCOSTANDFREIGHT

CIFCOSTINSURANCEANDFREIGHT

ThefirstclassincludesthesevenIncoterms®2021rulesthatcanbeusedirrespectiveofthemodeoftransportselectedandirrespectiveofwhetheroneormorethanonemodeoftransportisemployed.EXW,FCA,CPT,CIP,DAT,DAPandDDPbelongtothisclass.Theycanbeusedevenwhenthereisnomaritimetransportatall.Itisimportanttoremember,however,thattheserulescanbeusedincaseswhereashipisusedforpartofthecarriage.

InthesecondclassofIncoterms®2021rules,thepointofdeliveryandtheplacetowhichthegoodsarecarriedtothebuyerarebothports,hencethelabel“seaandinlandwaterway〞rules.FAS,FOB,CFRandCIFbelongtothisclass.UnderthelastthreeIncotermsrules,allmentionoftheship’srailasthepointofdeliveryhasbeenomittedinpreferenceforthegoodsbeingdeliveredwhentheyare“onboard〞thevessel.Thismorecloselyreflectsmoderncommercialrealityandavoidstheratherdatedimageoftheriskswingingtoandfroacrossanimaginaryperpendicularline.

3.Rulesfordomesticandinternationaltrade

Incotermsruleshavetraditionallybeenusedininternationalsalecontractswheregoodspassacrossnationalboarders.Invariousareasoftheworld,however,tradeblocs,liketheEuropeanUnion,havemadeborderformalitiesbetweendifferentcountrieslesssignificant.Consequently,thesubtitleoftheIncoterms®2021rulesformallyrecognizethattheyareavailableforapplicationtobothinternationalanddomesticsalecontracts.Asaresult,theIncoterms®2021rulesclearlystateinanumberofplacesthattheobligationtocomplywithexport/importformalitiesexistsonlywhereapplicable.

TwodevelopmentshavepersuadedICCthatamovementinthisdirectionistimely.Firstly,traderscommonlyuseIncotermsrulesforpurelydomesticsalecontract.ThesecondreasonisthegreaterwillingnessintheUnitesStatestouseIncotermrulesindomestictraderatherthantheformerUniformCommercialCodeshipmentanddeliveryterms.

4.GuidanceNotes

BeforeeachIncoterms®2021ruleyouwillfindaGuidanceNote.TheGuidanceNotesexplainthefundamentalsofeachIncotermsrule,suchaswhenitshouldbeused,whenriskpasses,andhowcostsareallocatedbetweensellerandbuyer.TheGuidanceNotesarenotpartoftheactualIncoterms®2021rules,butareintendedtohelptheuseraccuratelyandefficientlysteertowardstheappropriateIncotermsruleforaparticulartransaction.

5.Electroniccommunication

PreviousversionsofIncotermsruleshavespecifiedthosedocumentsthatcouldbereplacedbyEDImessages.ArticlesA1/B1oftheIncoterms®2021rules,however,nowgiveelectronicmeansofcommunicationthesameeffectaspapercommunication,aslongasthepartiessoagreeorwherecustomary.Thisformulationfacilitatestheevolutionofnewelectronicp