LSAT阅读0912.docx

LSAT阅读0912.docx

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LSAT阅读0912

ALSAT第09套SECTIONIII

Time35minutes26Questions

Directions:

Eachpassageinthissectionisfollowedbyagroupofquestionstobeansweredonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassage.Forsomeofthequestions,morethanoneofthechoicescouldconceivablyanswerthequestion.However,youaretochoosethebestanswer,thatis,theresponsethatmostaccuratelyandcompletelyanswersthequestion,andblackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.

Afterthirtyyearsofinvestigationintocellgenetics,researchersmadestartlingdiscoveriesinthe1960sandearly1970swhichculminatedinthedevelopmentofprocesses,collectivelyknownasrecombinantdeoxyribonucleicacid（rDNA）technology,fortheactivemanipulationofacell’sgeneticcode.ThetechnologyhascreatedexcitementandcontroversybecauseitinvolvesalteringDNA—whichcontainsthebuildingblocksofthegeneticcode.

UsingrDNAtechnology,scientistscantransferaportionoftheDNAfromoneorganismtoasinglelivingcellofanother.Thescientistchemically“snips”theDNAchainofthehostcellatapredeterminedpointandattachesanotherpieceofDNAfromadonorcellatthatplace,creatingacompletelyneworganism.

ProponentsofrDNAresearchanddevelopmentclaimthatitwillallowscientiststofindcuresfordiseaseandtobetterunderstandhowgeneticinformationcontrolsanorganism’sdevelopment.Theyalsoseemanyotherpotentiallypracticalbenefits,especiallyinthepharmaceuticalindustry.SomecorporationsemployingthenewtechnologyevenclaimthatbytheendofthecenturyallmajordiseaseswillbetreatedwithdrugsderivedfrommicroorganismscreatedthroughrDNAtechnology.Pharmaceuticalproductsalreadydeveloped,butnotyetmarketed,indicatethatthesepredictionsmayberealized.

Proponentsalsocitenonmedicalapplicationsforthistechnology.Energyproductionandwastedisposalmaybenefit:

geneticallyalteredorganismscouldconvertsewageandotherorganicmaterialintomethanefuel.AgriculturemightalsotakeadvantageofrDNAtechnologytoproducenewvarietiesofcropsthatresistfoulweather,pests,andtheeffectsofpoorsoil.

AmajorconcernofthecriticsofrDNAresearchisthatgeneticallyalteredmicroorganismsmightescapefromthelaboratory.Becausethesemicroorganismsarelaboratorycreationsthat,inallprobability（inallprobability:

adv.很可能）,donotoccurinnature,theirinteractionwiththenaturalworldcannotbepredictedwithcertainty.Itispossiblethattheycouldcausepreviouslyunknown,perhapsincurablediseases.Theeffectofgeneticallyalteredmicroorganismsontheworld’smicrobiologicalpredator-preyrelationshipsisanotherpotentiallyseriousproblempointedoutbytheopponentsofrDNAresearch.Introducinganewspeciesmaydisruptorevendestroytheexistingecosystem.Thecollapseofinterdependentrelationshipsamongspecies,extrapolatedtoitsextreme,couldeventuallyresultinthedestructionofhumanity.

OpponentsofrDNAtechnologyalsociteethicalproblemswithit.Forexample,itgivesscientiststhepowertoinstantlycrossevolutionaryandspeciesboundariesthatnaturetookmillenniatoestablish.Theimplicationsofsuchpowerwouldbecomeparticularlyprofoundifgeneticengineersweretotinkerwithhumangenes,apracticethatwouldbringusonestepclosertoAldousHuxley’sgrimvisioninBraveNewWorldofatotalitariansocietythatengineers（策划，操纵）humanbeingstofulfillspecificroles.

1.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwithdoingwhichoneofthefollowing?

（A）explainingtheprocessandapplicationsofrDNAtechnology

（B）advocatingcontinuedrDNAresearchanddevelopment

（C）providingevidenceindicatingtheneedforregulationofrDNAresearchanddevelopment

（D）summarizingthecontroversysurroundingrDNAresearchanddevelopment（D）

（E）arguingthattheenvironmentalrisksofrDNAtechnologymayoutweighitsmedicalbenefits

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowingisanaccuratestatementaboutresearchintothegeneticcodeofcells?

（A）ItledtothedevelopmentofprocessesforthemanipulationofDNA.

（B）ItwasinitiatedbythediscoveryofrDNAtechnology.

（C）Itledtotheuseofnewtreatmentsformajordiseases.

（D）Itwasuniversallyheraldedasagreatbenefittohumanity.（A）

（E）Itwasmotivatedbyadesiretocreateneworganisms.

3.ThepotentialbenefitsofrDNAtechnologyreferredtointhepassageincludeallofthefollowingEXCEPT

（A）newmethodsofwastetreatment

（B）newbiologicalknowledge

（C）enhancedfoodproduction

（D）developmentoflessexpensivedrugs（D）

（E）increasedenergyproduction

4.Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakenanargumentofopponentsofrDNAtechnology?

（A）NewsafetyproceduresdevelopedbyrDNAresearchersmakeitimpossibleforgeneticallyalteredmicroorganismstoescapefromlaboratories.

（B）Ageneticallyalteredmicroorganismaccidentallyreleasedfromalaboratoryissuccessfullycontained.

（C）AparticularrDNA-engineeredmicroorganismintroducedintoanecosystemattractspredatorsthatkeepitspopulationdown.

（D）Geneticallyalteredorganismsdesignedtoprocesssewageintomethanecannotsurviveoutsidethewastetreatmentplant.（A）

（E）Aspecifichereditarydiseasethathasplaguedhumankindforgenerationsissuccessfullyeradicated.

5.Theauthor’sreferenceinthelastsentenceofthepassagetoasocietythatengineershumanbeingstofulfillspecificrolesservesto

（A）emphasizethepotentialmedicaldangersofrDNAtechnology

（B）advocateresearchontheuseofrDNAtechnologyinhumangenetics

（C）warnofthepossibledisastersthatcouldresultfromupsettingthebalanceofnature

（D）presentBraveNewWorldasanexampleofaworkoffictionthataccuratelypredictedtechnologicaldevelopments（E）

（E）illustratethesociopoliticalramificationsofapplyinggeneticengineeringtohumans

6.Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthenanargumentoftheopponentsofrDNAtechnology?

（A）AgriculturalproductsdevelopedthroughrDNAtechnologyarenomoreattractivetoconsumersthanaretraditionalcrops.

（B）Geneticallyalteredmicroorganismshavenonaturalpredatorsbutcanpreyonawidevarietyofothermicroorganisms.

（C）DrugsproducedusingrDNAtechnologycostmoretomanufacturethandrugsproducedwithtraditionaltechnologies.

（D）Ecosystemsareimpermanentsystemsthatareoftenliabletocollapse,andoccasionallydoso.（B）

（E）Geneticallyalteredmicroorganismsgenerallycannotsurviveformorethanafewhoursinthenaturalenvironment.

Graymarketing,thesellingoftrademarkedproductsthroughchannelsofdistributionnotauthorizedbythetrademarkholder,caninvolvedistributionofgoodseitherwithinamarketregionoracrossmarketboundaries.Graymarketingwithinamarketregion（“channelflowdiversion”）occurswhenmanufacturer-authorizeddistributorsselltrademarkedgoodstounauthorizeddistributorswhothensellthegoodstoconsumerswithinthesameregion.Forexample,quantitydiscountsfrommanufacturersmaymotivateauthorizeddealerstoenterthegraymarketbecausetheycanpurchaselargerquantitiesofaproductthantheythemselvesintendtostockiftheycanselltheextraunitsthroughgraymarketingchannels.

Whengraymarketingoccursacrossmarketboundaries,itistypicallyinaninternationalsettingandmaybecalled“parallelimporting.”Manufacturersoftenproduceandsellproductsinmorethanonecountryandestablishanetworkofauthorizeddealersineachcountry.Parallelimportingoccurswhentrademarkedgoodsintendedforonecountryaredivertedfromproperchannels（channelflowdiversion）andthenexportedtounauthorizeddistributorsinanothercountry.

Trademarkownersjustifiablyargueagainst（argueagainst:

反对）graymarketingpracticessincesuchpracticesclearlyjeopardizethegoodwillestablishedbytrademarkowners:

consumerswhopurchasetrademarkedgoodsinthegraymarketdonotgetthesame“extendedproduct,”whichtypicallyincludespre-andpostsaleservice.Equallyimportant,authorizeddistributorsmayceasetopromotetheproductifitbecomesavailableformuchlowerpricesthroughunauthorizedchannels.

Currentdebateoverregulationofgraymarketingfocusesonthreedisparatetheoriesintrademarklawthathavebeenvariouslyandconfusinglyappliedtoparallelimportationcases:

universality,exhaustion,andterritoriality.Thetheoryofuniversalityholdsthatatrademarkisonlyanindicationofthesourceororiginoftheproduct.Thistheorydoesnotrecognizethegoodwillfunctionsofatrademark.Whenthecourtsapplythistheory,graymarketingpracticesareallowedtocontinuebecausetheoriginoftheproductremainsthesameregardlessofthespecificrouteoftheproductthroughthechannelofdistribution.Theexhaustiontheoryholdsthatatrademarkownerrelinquishesallrightsonceaproducthasbeensold.Whenthistheoryisapplied,graymarketingpracticesareallowedtocontinuebecausethetrademarkowners’rightsceaseassoonastheirproductsaresoldtoadistributor.Thetheoryofterritorialityholdsthatatrademarkiseffectiveinthecountryinwhichitisregistered.Underthetheoryofterritoriality,trademarkownerscanstopgraymarketingpracticesintheregisteringcountriesonproductsbearingtheirtrademarks.Sinceonlytheterritorialitytheoryaffordstrademarkownersanyreallegalprotectionagainstgraymarketingpractices,Ibelieveitisinevitableaswellasdesirablethatitwillcometobeconsistentlyappliedingraymarketingcases.

7.Whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainpointofthepassage?

（A）Graymarketingisunfairtotrademarkownersandshouldbelegally