英专八级人文重要考点总结英美文学.docx

英专八级人文重要考点总结英美文学.docx

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英专八级人文重要考点总结英美文学

英语专业八级人文知识——英国文学

PartoneOldandMedievalEnglishLiterature

1.OldEnglishPoetryand“Beowulf”（贝奥武浦）

•“Beowulf”→thenationalepicoftheAnglo-SaxonandEnglishpeople→Alliteration（头韵）

nationalepic:

国家史诗（赞颂一个国家的丰功伟绩）

2.MiddleEnglishLiteratureandtheCanterburyTales

①TheRomance（describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero）浪漫传奇

•KingArthurandHisKnightsoftheRoundTable.《亚瑟王与他的圆桌骑士》

②GeoffreyChaucer乔叟

→the“_fatherofEnglishpoetry__________________”,

→“TheCanterburyTales”isChaucer’smasterpiece（storiesnarratedbyPilgrims朝圣者）

→heintroducedrhymedcouplettoEnglishpoetry,insteadoftheoldAnglo-Saxonalliterativeverse.

•（Couplet:

Astanzaoftwolines,usuallyrhyming.）couplet:

对句，对联stanza:

诗的一节

Renaissance（1485—1660）文艺复兴

→TheBackground:

thesocietywasinitstransitionfromthefeudalismtocapitalism.

→Revivalorrebirthofclassicalarts,cultureandphilosophyafterthedarkagesofmedieval

→Thekeywordforitis_humanism_,emphasizedsecularconcerns,expresstheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie.

→Shakespeare,Spenser,andMarloweareallfamousliteraryfiguresinthisperiod

ThomasMore（1478-1535）Utopia（socialism）ThedefinitionofUtopiais"noplace."

•EdmundSpenser（1552-1599）“Apoet’spoet”TheFaerieQueen《仙后》

FrancisBacon培根（1561-1626）

1“AdvancementofLearning”学术的推进:

2“NewInstrument”:

新工具theinductivemethodofreasoning

3.“NewAtlantics”:

anidealsociety新大西岛

4.“Essays”/58essays论说文集

Awidevarietyofsubjects:

love,truth,friendship,beauty,studies,riches…

Hisstyle:

clearness,brevity,forceofexpression

☆hisessaysisanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose

ChristopherMarlowe（1564-1593）

1.Universitywits,thegreatestpioneerofEnglishdrama

2.blankverseVerseconsistingofunrhymedlines,usuallyofiambicpentameter（五步抑扬格）.无韵诗，素体诗

3.DoctorFaustus《浮士德》

WilliamShakespeare：

thegreatestEnglishpoetanddramatist

①154sonnets（十四行诗）（商籁体）,

②37plays,including14comedies,12tragedies,and11historicalplays,③2longpoems.

☆Butforsuchagreatwriter,wehaveverylittledefiniteknowledgeabouthislife.

Shakespeare’sTragedies

（1）Hamlet

（2）Othello（3）KingLear（4）Macbeth

Shakespeare’sComedies

（1）TheMerchantofVenice

（2）AMidsummerNight'sDream（3）AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》（4）Twelfthnight

TheMerchantofVenicetopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,toexposetheinsatiablegreedandbrutality（Shylock）

Hamlethesitatebetweenfactandfiction,languageandaction

→Tobe,ornottobe-toliveoninthisworldortodie;tosufferortotakeaction 

Soliloquyormonologue-fullyrevealtheinnerconflictofthecharacters（独白）

Poetry

1.Narrativepoetry①theepic②theromance③popularballads

2.Lyricpoetry

①theelegy:

alyricpoemlamentingthedeathofanindividual.挽歌

②theode:

alyricpoemofconsiderablelengthtosinginhonorapersonorathing.Itisseriousinsubjectandformalinstyle.颂歌

3.Dramaticpoetry:

dialogueinthedrama

Sonnet

A14-lineverseformusuallyhavingoneofseveralconventionalrhymeschemes.

Rhyme:

ababcdcdefefgg

☆3quatrains（3four-linestanza）+1couplet（2lines）quatrains:

四行诗

TheperiodoftheEnglishBourgeoisRevolution

→Historicalbackground:

tworevolutions:

puritanrevolutionandgloriousrevolution

thetransitionfromtheabsolutemonarchytoconstitutionalmonarchy

→1.twoliteraryschoolsofpoets

①theschoolofMetaphysical玄学②theschoolofCavaliers.骑士

2.themostimportantpoet:

JohnMiltonMetaphysicalPoetry（玄学派诗歌）

ItisthepoetryofJohnDonneandotherseventeenth-centurypoetswhowroteinasimilarstyle.

disliketraditionalpoemScholar,Highlyabstractortheoretical;

JohnMilton约翰·弥尔顿

thelastgreatpoems

ParadiseLost失乐园ParadiseRegained复乐园SamsonAgonistes力士参孙.

→Thetwomostessentialthings:

Puritanismandhisrepublicanism.

ParadiseLost→theonlygenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf.

→themainideaofthepoemisarevoltagainstGod’sauthority

→Satanistherealheroofthepoem.SatanledarebellionagainstGodwithhisunconquerablewill.

JohnBunyan（1628-1688）班扬

Puritanauthor Hisbestknownwork,天路历程areligiousallegory（宗教预言）

18世纪英国文学CulturalBackground

1.EnlightenmentMovement启蒙运动

⑴Aprogressiveintellectualmovement

⑵Enlightenersconsidered“Enlightenment”or“education”ofthepeopletobetheirchiefobjective.

⑶Theybelievedinthepowerofreason（theageofreason）

⑷twogroups:

①themoderate（Pope,Defoe,Addison）（温和派）→supporttheprinciplesoftheexistingsocialorder

②theradical（Swift,Fielding,Sheridan）（激进派）→crisis→Sentimentalism（感伤主义）

18世纪英国文学

Complex:

Anageofprose（Addison’sessay\Swift’ssatire\Fielding’snovel）

1.Neo-classicism新古典Arevivalinterestinoldclassicworks,order,logic

→（Pope\Addison\Steel:

modelthemselvesafterGreekandLatinauthors）

2.Sentimentalism（Gray\Goldsmith\Richardson\Sterne:

discontentwiththesocialreality“Heart”）

3.Thebeginningofmodernnovel→Majornovelists:

Defoe\Swift\Fielding\Richardson,

4.Pre-romanticisminEnglishpoetry5.EnglishDrama（Sheridan:

theschoolforScandal）

Neo-classicism新古典

Arevivalinterestinoldclassicworks,order,logic→（modelthemselvesafterGreekandLatinauthors）

1.AlexanderPope蒲伯:

Heroiccouplet英雄双韵体

2.JosephAddison艾迪生SirRichardSteele斯梯尔:

TheSpectator旁观者3.SamuelJohnson:

Dictionary

AlexanderPope蒲柏

Neo-classicism新古典Heroiccouplet英雄双韵体

Linesofiambicpentameterrhymeinpairs；Popecarriedthistoitslaststageofperfection；AnEssayonCriticism

Sentimentalism

discontentwiththesocialrealityThomasGray格雷（poem）LaurenceSterne（novel）

ThomasGray（1716-1771）

SentimentalismThegraveyardschool墓园派ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard《墓园挽歌》

Thebeginningofmodernnovel

Smollett:

FirstimportantseanovelistLaurenceSterne斯泰恩:

Sentimentalism

SamuelRichardson理查生:

Pamela,orVirtueRewarded《帕美拉》ClarissaHarlowe,orVirtueTriumphant《克拉丽莎》

1.DanielDefoe迪福:

RobinsonCrusoe鲁宾逊漂流记

Robinsonistheveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.

2.JonathanSwift斯威夫特：

amastersatiristGulliver‘sTravels格列佛游记

3.HenryFielding：

FatherofEnglishnovel、ThefounderofEnglishrealisticnovelTomJones汤姆·琼斯

RomanticisminBritain

TheNewLiteraryTrend（1798---1832）

1.Dissatisfactionwiththesociety

（1）   Arevoltagainstit

（2）   Anescapefromit

2.Anintrospectionintoone’sinnerworld（attentiononspiritualandemotionallife）

3.Thepassionsofmanandthebeautiesofnature4.Aperiodofpoeticalrevival

（1）TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.（Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,Shelley,Keats）

（2）TheRomanticperiodisagreatageofprose.Coleridge,Hazlitt,Lamb（3）Thisperiodisalsoagreatageofnovels.

WalterScott

Scott’shistoricalnovelscombinearomanticatmospherewitharealisticdepictionofhistoricalbackgroundandcommonpeople’slife.Scottmarkedthetransitionfromromanticismtotheperiodrealism.

WilliamBlake布莱克Symbolism:

象征主义

1.Theearliestpoems:

Poeticalsketches素描诗集

2.SongsofInnocence天真之歌

3.Songsofexperience经验之歌_

4.famouspoem:

Thetiger\London\TheChimneySweeper

RobertBurns（1759-1796）

1.WrittenintheScottishdialectonavarietyofsubjects

PoemsChieflyintheScottishDialect苏格兰方言诗集

2.Songsofloveandfriendship—anewspiritofromanticism

“ARed,RedRose”一朵红红的玫瑰

3Theruraltheme/Beautiesofnature

“MyHeart’sintheHighlands”我的心呀在高原

SamuelTaylorColeridge（1772-1834）柯勒律治

Poeticandcritic“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner”1798《古舟子咏》

“KublaKhan”1816《忽必烈汗》

•WordsworthandColeridge'sLyricalBallads《抒情歌谣集》

WilliamWordsworth威廉·华兹华斯

1.“Lucy”---《露西组诗》（SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays）☆harmonybetweenhumanityandnature

2.“TheSolitaryReaper”---《孤寂的刈麦人》☆patheticpicturesofthelabouringpeople

3.“Iwonderedlonelyasacloud”—《我孤独如云》☆deeplovefornature

GeorgeGordon

“ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage”1812《恰罗德·哈罗德游记》

“DonJuan”1812-1823masterpiece《唐·璜》agreatcomicepicoftheearly19thcentury.

The“Byronichero”isaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin

•名诗：

SheWalksinBeautyTheIslesofGreece

PercyByssheShelly雪莱（1792-1822）

1.“QueenMab”:

麦布女王Hisfirstlongpoemexpressesalmostallhismajorpoliticalideas.

2.“PrometheusUnbound”:

《解放了的普罗米修斯》Hismasterpiece;alyricaldrama.

3.Lyricsonnatureandlove:

e.g.“OdetotheWestWind”;“ToaSkylark”《西风/云雀颂》

☆“IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?

”

JohnKeats（1795-1821）NotnobleDiedofTBDiedat25

OdeonMelancholy

OdeonaGrecianUrn希腊古瓮颂

Itrevealsthecontrastbetweenthepermanenceofartandthetransienceofhumanpassion.

OdetoaNightingale夜莺颂

Itrevealsthecontrastbetweenthehappyworldofnaturallovelinessandhumanworldofagony

OdetoPsycheOdetoAutumn秋颂

TheDevelopmentofVictorianLiterature

→VictorianLiterature,asaproductofitsage,naturallyhaditsqualityofmagnitudeanddiversity.

Itwasmany-sidedandcomplex,andreflectedbothromanticallyandrealisticallythegreatchangesthatweregoingoninpeople’slifeandthought.

→thegreatperiodofthenovelinBritainCriticalrealistswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople

TheGenresofVictorianLiterature

1）Thenovelbecamethemostwidelyreadandthemostvitalandchallengingexpressionofprogressivethought.

CharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackeray,CharlotteBronte,EmilyBronte,ElizabethGaskell,GeorgeEliot

RobertBrowning勃朗宁（1812-1889）

themostoriginalpoet,whoimproveandmatu