英语期末论文-对中日关系的简要回顾和可能的前景展望.doc

英语期末论文-对中日关系的简要回顾和可能的前景展望.doc

《英语期末论文-对中日关系的简要回顾和可能的前景展望.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语期末论文-对中日关系的简要回顾和可能的前景展望.doc（10页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

ABriefReviewonandPossibleProspectsofSino-JapaneseRelations

MostChineseholdaquitecomplexattitudetowardsJapan.Beingneighboringcountiesforcenturies,ChinaandJapansharealotinculture,historyandcustoms.Toacertaindegree,theJapaneseculturehasbeenareflectionofChineseculture,inwhichChinesecanalwayseasilyfindsomethingtheyarefamiliarwith.It’snaturalforChinesetoshowafavortowardsJapanifitwerenotforthesakeofinvasion.Butthefactisthatinmanycases,hostilityexistsbetweenJapaneseandChinese.Fortheancienttimesthesetwocountrieswerefriends,butthingshavechangedaloteversincetheFirstSino-Japanesewarof1894.Thelong-termhostilityremainsevenaftertheWorldWarⅡisended.WhathasmadeChineseunbearableisthetoughtoneJapanesetakestowardinvasion.MostoftheJapaneseleadersshowsnoregretandinsiststhereisnothingwrongwiththeinvasion,andtrytoteachtheirnextgenerationtobelieveso,whichmakesJapantobeapotentialthreattoChina:

ifnecessary,JapancanstartanotherinvasionagainstChina,sincetheyfindnomoraldefectswithinvasion.InordertounderstandChinesepeople’sfeelingsbetterandmakeapredictionabouttheprospectsofSino-Japaneserelations,it’snecessarytohaveabriefreviewonthepast.

Theancienttimes:

ThecontactsbetweenChinaandJapancanbedatedbacktoasearlyasQinDynasty,whentheTaoistnamedXuFuwassentoverseatoJapanbyEmperortoseekformedicineofimmortality.Accordingtothefolk’stales,XuFufounditimpossibletofulfillhistask,andinordertoavoidthepunishment,hedeterminedtosettledowninJapanwithseveralhundredsofboysandgirlshehadtakentofollowhim.Andwithdayswentby,theymarriedthelocalpeopleandgavebirthtooffspring.Ontheotherhand,duringthethirdcentury,ChinesetravelersreportedthatinhabitantsofJapanclaimedancestryfromWuTaibo,akingoftheWustate（locatedinmodernJiangsuandZhejiang）duringtheWarringStatesera.Perhapsthosepartlyexplainedwhyduringearlytimes,ChinesetendedtobefriendlywithJapanese—theythoughtJapaneseweremoreorlessofthesameoriginastheirs.

Thecontactshadbeensmoothsincethen,andhadreachitspeakduringtheSuiDynastyandTangDynasty,atwhichtimeChineseculturaldetailssuchasChineseclothing,architecture,martialarts,socialmanner,etcwerespreadtoJapan.ThemajorpartsofJapaneseculturesuchasKimono,Judo,Ikebanahavebeendevelopedfromalltheseabove.AndKyoto,thecapitalcityofJapanatthattime,wasplannedaccordingtoFengShuielementsfromtheChinesecapitalofChang'an.Meanwhile,theChineseMonkJianZhensailedacrosstheseaandbroughttheBuddhismtogetherwithteatoJapan（teahadbeenthedrinkformonksattheverybeginning,partlyexplainedwhyteaisalwaysassociatedwithZeninJapan）,whiletheJapanesestudentswhohadstudiedinChang’an（thecapitalofChinaatthattime）spreadtheConfucianisminJapan.BythetimeofHeianperiod,togetherwithShinto,BuddhismhadbecomeoneofthetwomajorreligionsinJapan.Andforratheralongtime,JapanesehadnowaytorecordwhattheysaiduntiltheyadoptedtheancientChinesecharacterstocreatetheirownlanguage.AndinordertodenythecorrelationwithChinaanddistinguishitself,JapancarriedoutalanguagereformandeliminatedmanyChinesecharacters,butduetotheimpossibilityofremovingallChineseinfluenceonitslanguage,thereremainedtobethousandsofChinesecharactersandphrasesinJapanese.Therefore,toagreatdegree,ChineseculturehasinfluencedtheJapaneseculture.

Butsoontheturning-pointofSino-JapaneserelationsarrivedastheJapanesepirates（called“Wokou”inChinese）begantorobChineseshipsandslaughterinnocentChinesevillagerslivingnearthesea,especiallyfrequentlyfrom14thto16thcentury.ThebarbaricdeedarousedtheprevalenthatredofChinesepeopletowardsJapanese,andforatime,theMinggovernmentdominatingChinaatthattimehadtofoundaseriesofcoastalfortsandspecialtroopstoprotectitspeopleandthefolktalesof“QiJia”Armyhavebeenwidespreadsincethen,mainlytellingthestoriesabouttheGeneralQiJiguang,whohadbeenfightingagainst“Wokou”allhislife.Lateron,becauseoneoftheJapaneserulersHideyoshidecidedtoinvadeChinathroughKorea,twowarfaresbrokeoutbetweenJapanandSino-Koreanalliance,whichendedupwiththefailureofJapanbutmeanwhiledrainedMingChina'streasuryandleftitweakagainsttheManchus,whoeventuallydestroyedtheMingDynastyandcreatedtheQingDynastyin1644.Thegapbetweentwocountrieshadformedthereafter.AndtheJapanesepiracyalsoleadtoanothermoresevereresult:

inordertogetridofthepirates,theMingDynastyadoptedapolicyofisolationsincethenandcutoffitscommercialanddiplomaticcorrelationswithforeigncountriesbuiltsincethereignofEmperorZhuLi.ThepolicyofisolationhadbeenreservedforthefollowingcenturiesanddirectlycontributedtothelaggingbehindofChinesedevelopment,whicheventuallymadeChinasufferfromaseriesofinvasionslastingformorethanacentury.

Modernandcontemporarytimes:

Bothbeinginvadedbywesternpowersinthe19thcentury,ChinaandJapanhavegottotallydifferentconsequences:

theJapaneserulerBakufuwassoonoverthrownandtheJapaneseemperorwasrestoredasheadofthecountrybyMoriandShimazuclanmembers,whoinstitutionalizedrapidmodernization,militarizationandimperialismbasedonWesterncountries;meanwhiletheQingDynastystillremainedstrongcontrolofChina,andthestubbornChineserulerspreferredtofollowtheconventionalrulesleftbytheirancestorsandrefusedtheideaofreform,makingitimpossibleforChinatofollowJapan’sexample.Therefore,ChinabegantofallbehindJapan.SoonastheJapanesenavybecomingincreasinglypowerful,theaggressiveJapanesepoliticiansthoughtaboutrealizingtheambitionofconqueringChina,anevilideathatcamedownfromHideyoshi’stime,nearlythreecenturiesago.ThecontinualinvasionssbeganwiththeFirstSino-Japanesewarof1894,forwhichChinapaidahugeindemnityandrelinquishedTaiwan.Thesameexperiencewasrepeatedinthefollowingdecades,JapantreatedwarasamethodforittogetfinancialbenefitfromChinatosupportitsowneconomicdevelopment.AndmuchheaviertaxeswereappliedtoChinesepeoplebythegovernmenttopayfortheindemnity.Moreover,theinhumaneJapanesearmyslaughteredtheChinesepeoplemuchmorethananyotherinvaderinChina’shistory.TheygotusedtomassacreciviliansincapturedChinesetownsandcities.Sometimesthemassacrecanbeofnoreasonorjustforfun.DuringtheRusso-JapaneseWar,whichtookplaceinpartofChina,despitethefactthatitwasawaragainstRussia,JapanesetroopsbeheadedandexecutedmanyirrelevantChineseciviliansinLiaoningandManchuriaaftercapturingcities,suchasPortArthur,buttreatedRussianprisonerswithrespect.AndthemostnotoriousmassacrehappenedinNanjing（alsocalledNanking）,wheremorethan300,000civilianswereshot,stabbedorburiedtodeath.Evenuptonow,itisraretoseesuchalarge-scalemassacreinonecountry’scapitalcity.Thelastlarge-scaleinvasionbetween1937and1945stillhurtstheheartsofChinese,sincewhilesomanyofourgrand-grandparentscanstillrecalltheslaughterstookplaceduringtheirchildhood,theJapanesegovernmentkeepsdenyingthefactofinvasion.TheJapanesegovernmentshowsnoregretforitsdeed,andforsomanyyears,noofficialapologyismade,theyarejustwaitingforallthewitnessestopassaway,andwanttojustifyordenytheinvasionwiththepassoftimeandthejugglingofhistory.Intheirhistorytextbooks,theinvasionisdescribedasapeacefulattempttopromotetheprosperityinotherAsiancountries,andnothingaboutthemassacreisevermentioned.AnditismainlybecauseofthetoughattitudeheldbytheJapanesegovernmentaboutthisissuethatmostofChineseholdaslighthostileattitudetowardsJapaneseandtendtokeepdistancewiththem.

Westerncriticswouldliketocallthisphenomenon“rabidnationalism”andshowtheirdisapproval,butasforeigners,theymayneverunderstandthetruefeelingsofChinese.Itisnothardfortwocountriesoncehavingbeenenemiestobefriendsagain,justlikewhathappenedbetweenFranceandGermanyafterWorldWarⅡ,theyhaveanevenlongerhistorybattlingwitheachother（fromearly19thcenturyto1945）,butnowtheyformasolidcorrelationshipwitheachother.AndIbelieveitisthesincereregretexpressedbytheGermanicraceaccountsforthereconciliation.Everyyear,Germanpeoplewouldholdceremonyinhonorofthosevictimsdiedinthewar,andtheGermanPrimeMinisterBrandtevenoncekneeleddowntoapologizetothosewhohaddiedinthewar,thoughhimselfhadbeenandeterminedpacifistandhadnofaultduringthewar.ContrarytowhatGermangovernmenthaddone,alltheseyears,theJapanesegovernmentisdoingsomethingworseningSino-Japaneserelations.ManygovernmentleaderspayfrequentvisitstotheYasukuniShrinewherewarcriminalsarehonored；JapanesemilitaryonceannouncedthatifChinesegovernmenttakemilitarymeasurestotakebackthesovereigntyofTaiwanisland，theywouldgivemilitaryaidtoTaiwan,whichisabsolutelyantoughinterferenceinChina’sinternalaffairs.Andthelong-existeddisputesaboutthesovereigntyofDiaoyuIslands（alsocalledSenkakuIslandsbyJapanese）makethesituationevenworse.InsteadoftryingtobridgethegapbetweenJapanandChina,JapanesegovernmenthasdonetheirbesttoirritatetheChinesepublic,whichmadeitratherdi