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(1).FeaturesofPuritanism
①Unconditionalelection:
Godhaddecreedwhowasdamnedandwhowassavedfrombeforethebeginningoftheworld.
②Irresistiblegrace:
regenerationasentirelyaworkofGod,whichcannotberesistedandtowhichthesinnercontributesnothing.
③Totaldepravity:
humanty’suttercorruptionsincetheFall.
④Limitedatonement:
Christdiedfortheelectonly.
⑤Perseveranceofthesaints:
theelect,despitetheirbackslidingandfaintnessofheart,cannotfallawayfromgrace
(2).InfluenceofPuritanism:
①Agroupofgoodqualities–hardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety(seriousandthoughtful)influencedAmericanliterature.
②Itledtotheeverlastingmyth.Allliteratureisbasedonamyth–gardenofEden.
③Symbolism:
theAmericanpuritan’smetaphoricalmodeofperceptionwaschieflyinstrumentalincallingintobeingaliterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican.
④Withregardtotheirwriting,thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;
therhetoricisplainandhonest,notwithoutatouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible.
MainFeaturesofColonialAmericanLiterature:
1)Americanliteraturegrewoutofhumbleorigins.Diaries,histories,journals,letters,commonplacebooks,travelbooks,sermons,inshort,personalliteratureinitsvariousforms,occupyamajorpositionintheliteratureoftheearlycolonialperiod.
2)IncontenttheseearlywritingsservedeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth.Inform,iftherewasanyformatall,Englishliterarytraditionswerefaithfullyimitatedandtransplanted.
3)ThePuritanismformedinthisperiodwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature
4)
Part2:
TheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution
BenjaminFranklin:
TheAutobiography
1.ThomasPaine:
TheAmericanCrisis
2.ThomasJefferson:
TheDeclarationofIndependence
3.PhilipFreneau:
TheWildHoneySuckle
TheIndianBuryingGround
ToaCaty-Did
BackgroundKnowledge
ThePeriodofEnlightenment:
The18thcenturyAmericanhistorywitnessedtwogreatrevolutions:
onewasAmericanRevolution,theotherwasEnlightenment,anintellectualmovementwhoserationalisticspiritinspiredAmericanmenoflettersandbroughtthemintoanewhorizonbeyondthelimitationofprevailingPuritanism.
Thetworevolutionsproducedanumberofoutstandingpoliticalandliteraryfigures,suchasBenjaminFranklin,ThomasPaine,andThomasJeffersonandPhilipFreneau.Theirliterarytalentenabledthemtobepoliticalleaders.
1)1.BenjaminFranklin
Life:
1706-1790
①Humanist,Scientist,masterof
diplomacy,aprosewriter;
②believerinthepossibilityof
humanprogressandthecomfortsof
materialsuccess;
③pragmaticandoptimistic,thelastpositiverepresentationofthevaluesoftheAmericandream
TheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin
a.Itisperhapsthefirstrealpost-revolutionaryAmericanwritingaswellasthefirstrealautobiographyinEnglish.
b.Itgivesusthesimpleyetimmenselyfascinatingrecordofamanrisingtowealthandfamefromastateofpovertyandobscurityintowhichhewasborn,thefaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmerica’sfirstself-mademan.
c.Firstofall,itisapuritandocument.Themostfamoussectiondescribeshisscientificschemeofself-examinationandself-improvement.
d.ItisalsoaneloquentelucidationofthefactthatFranklinwasspokesmanfortheneworderofeighteenthcenturyenlightenment,andthatherepresentedinAmericaallitsideas,thatmanisbasicallygoodandfree,bynatureendowedbyGodwithcertaininalienablerightsoflibertyandthepursuitofhappiness.
e.ItisthepatternofPuritansimplicity,directness,andconcision.Theplainnessofitsstyle,thehomelinessofimagery,thesimplicityofdiction,syntaxandexpressionaresomeofthesalientfeatureswecannotmistake.
*ThestyleoftheAutobiographywassimple,directandconcise.
*Theworkalsogaveautobiographyanofficialpositionintheliteraryfield.
*Franklin’semphasisonmaterialwealthandmaterialsuccessratherthanspiritualsatisfactionalsometwithcriticismandchallengesfromcritics.
ThirteenVirtuesinPoorRichard’sAlmanac
•1.Temperance(节制)
EatnotDullness.DrinknottoElevation.食不过饱,饮不过量。
•2.Silence(谨言)
Speaknotbutwhatmaybenefitothersoryourself.Avoidingtriflingconversation.于人无善者不言,避免琐碎之谈。
•3.Order(秩序)
Letallyourthingshavetheirplaces.Leteachpartofyourbusinesshaveitstime.物占其所,置物有定位,做事有定时,物有未来,事有始终。
•4.Resolution(决断)
Resolvetoperformwhatyouought.Performwithoutfailwhatyouresolve.该做之事下决心去做,决定之事一定去做。
•5.Frugality(节俭)
Makenoexpensebuttodogoodtoothersoryourself:
i.e.wastenothing.花费要于人于己有益,不得浪费。
•6.Industry(勤勉)
Losenotime.Bealwaysemployedinsomethinguseful.Cutoffallunnecessaryactions.爱惜光阴,应做有用之事,不为无意之举。
•7.Sincerity(真诚)
Usenohurtfuldeceit.Thinkinnocentlyandjustly;
and,ifyouspeak,speakaccordingly.(不做伤人之举,思想公正。
)
•8.Justice(正直)
Wrongnone,bydoinginjuriesoromittingthebenefitsthatareyourduty.
(成人之美,不成人之恶。
•9.Moderation(中庸)
Avoidextremes.Forbearresentinginjuriessomuchasyouthinktheydeserve.
(避免极端,要尽量克制报复心理。
•10.Cleanliness(清洁)
Toleratenouncleannessinbody,clothesorhabitation.
(起居服饰,务求整洁。
•11.Tranquility(宁静)
Benotdisturbedattrifles,oraccidentscommonorunavoidable.
(不为琐事,常见的或者不可避免的事感到烦恼。
)
•12.Chastity(贞洁)
Rarelyusevenerybutforhealthoroffspring;
nevertodullness,weakness,ortheinjuryofyourownoranother’speaceorreputation.
(节欲,保健康或为后代,决不使身体虚弱,生活乏味,不损己或他人。
•13.Humility(谦逊)
ImitateJesusandSocrates.
(效仿耶稣与苏格拉底。
•AnalysisofThePoorRichard’sAlmanac
•
•B.FranklincreatedacharacternamedPoorRichardwhoserealexistencewasdebatedhumorouslyandseriouslyinthisbook.Foralmostaquarterofacentury,hekeptpublishingPoorRichard’sAlmanac,expendingitsliteraryparttotheintensedelightofitsreaders.
•Apartfrompoemsandessays,hemanagedtoputinagoodmanyadages(格言),andcommonsensewitticisms(妙语)whichbecamehouseholdwordsandmanymottosofthemosttypicalkind.Hedidnotalwayswritethemaxims(格言)himself.Heborrowedfromothersandmadegooduseofhisownwitandwisdomtosimplifyandenrichtheiraxiom(格言).Therearemanysimilarstatementsfilledalmanac,andtaughtasmuchasamused.ThepracticalwisdomofFranklinshoneforthraysofgrandeurfromitspages.
SignificanceofB.Franklin
1)Hewasararegeniusinhumanhistory.Natureseemedparticularlylavishandhappywhenhewasshaped.Everythingseemstomeetinthisoneman,mindandwill,talentandart,strengthandease,witandgrace,andhebecamealmosteverything:
aprinter,postmaster,citizen,almanacmaker,essayist,scientist,inventor,orator,statesman,philosopher,politicaleconomist,ambassador,musicianandparlorman.
2)Hewasthefirstgreatself-mademaninAmerica,apoordemocratborninanaristocraticagethathisfineexamplehelpedtoliberalize.
3)Politicallyhebroughtthecolonialeratoaclose.ForquitesometimehewasregardedasthefatherofallYankees,evenmorethanWashingtonwas.HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:
thedeclarationofIndependence,thetreatyofalliancewithFrance,thetreatyofpeacewithEngland,andtheconstitution.
4)Scientifically,asthesymbolofAmericaintheAgeofEnlightenment,heinventedalotofusefulimplements.Hisresearchonelectricity,hisfamousexperimentwithhiskitelineandmanyothersmadehimthepreeminentscientistofhisday.
5)Literally,hereallyopenedthestoryofAmericanliterature.D.H.LawranceagreedthatFranklinwaseverythingbutapoet.IntheScottishphilosopherDavidHume’seyeshewasAmerica’s“firstgreatmanofletters”.
2.ThomasPaine(1737-1809)
TheCaseoftheOfficersoftheExcise
RightsofMan
TheAgeofReason
AgrarianJustice(1797)
3.ThomasJefferson(1743-1826)
Ø
---animportantrevolutionarystatesman,themaindrafterofTheDeclarationofIndependenceandthethirdpresidentoftheUSA.
---aferventbelieverandadvocatorofdemocracy,libertyandselfhood.
Thenaturalrightsofmanmustbesecuredbylawinalienablyforall.
4.F.PhilipFreneau(1752-1832)
---Thepoetofrevolution
---FatherofAmericanpoetry
---atransitionalliteraryfigurefromtheEnlightenmenttotheRomanticperiod.
①TheWildHoneySuckle
②TheIndianBuryingGround
③ToaCaty-Did
Part3:
TheLiteratureofRomanticism
1.WashingtonIrving:
TheLegendofSleepyHollow
2.JamesFenimoreCooper:
TheLastoftheMohicans
3.WilliamCullenBryant:
ToaWaterfrowl
4.EdgarAllanPoe:
TheRaven,ToHelen,AnnabelLee,TheFalloftheHouseofUsher
5.RalphWaldoEmerson:
Nature,Self-Reliance
6.HenryDavidThoreau:
Walden
7.NathanielHawthorne:
TheScarletLetter
8.HermanMelville:
MobyDick
9.HenryWadsworthLongfellow:
APsalmofLife,TheSongofHiawatha,TheSlave’sDream,MyLostYouth
HistoricalBackground
(1)NationalInfluences:
•Inpolitics:
democracyandpoliticalequalitylaythefoundationofRomanticism;
•Ineconomics:
thespreadofindustrialism;
thesuddeninfluxofimmigrationandthepioneerspushingthefrontierfurtherwest;