10月精听营真题文本.docx

10月精听营真题文本.docx

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1

1.Whatisthelecturemainlyabout?

d

（A）MisconceptionsaboutmuondetectorsinArchaeology

（B）Anexcavationofanancientstructureusingamuondetector

（C）Thecollaborationbetweenphysicistsandarchaeologistsinthedevelopmentofthemuondetector

（D）Benefitsthatarchaeologistscanobtainfrommuondetectors

2.Whatfeatureofthemuonsbenefitarchaeologists?

C

（A）Theirabilitytocarryinformationfromouterspace

（B）Theirabilitytobreakdowncosmicraysintosmallerparticles

（C）Theirabilitytopassthroughsolidmaterial

（D）Theirabilitytotravelatthespeedoflight

3.Accordingtotheprofessor,whatinformationcanamuondetectorprovideabouttheMayanpyramid?

B

（A）Thetemperatureinsideofthestructure

（B）Thelocationofroomswithinthestructure

（C）Theagerangeofthestructure

（D）Thetypesofmaterialusedtobuildthestructure

4.Whydoestheprofessordiscussdamagestoarchaeologicalsites?

A

（A）Todescribeabenefitofusingmuondetectorsinarchaeologicalstudy

（B）Toexplainanaccidentwithamuondetectorduringapyramidexploration

（C）Toindicatehowusefuldetectorsareinrestoringdamagedsites

（D）Toexplainwhymuondetectorswererarelyusedinthepast

5.Inwhatwaysaremodernmuondetectorsdifferentfrommuondetectorsusedin1967?

Clickon3answers.Cde

（A）Theyaremoreeconomical.

（B）Theyuselessenergy.

（C）Theyarenotaslarge.

（D）Theytakelesstimetoproduceanimage.

（E）Theycanscaninmorethanonedirection.

6.Whatistheprofessor’sopinionaboutthenewermuondetectors?

C

（A）Sheappreciatesthehelptheyprovideeventhoughittakesmuchtimetoproduceimages.

（B）Sheisafraidthatmanyarchaeologistswillbeunwillingtolearntousethem.

（C）Shethinksthattheyhavegreaterpotentialinareasofscienceotherthanarchaeology.

（D）Theyprovidemoreaccurateinformationabouttheageofobjectsthanolderdetectorsdid.

1

ListentopartofalectureinanArchaeologyclass.

P:

TalkingaboutonepopularmythinArchaeology,somepeoplesimplythinkexcavationisdiggingthesiteuntilsomethingvaluableisfound.Well,whilethereisanelementofluckinvolved,wehaveanarrayofhightechdevicestohelpusfigureoutwheretoputourefforts.Youknow,wecan’tjustdigupthesiterandomlylookingforanancientstructure.Thereisoneofthenewertoolsactuallycreatedbyadifferentfieldofstudy.Themachinereliesonparticlephysics.Um...interdisciplinaryI’dsay.Anditiscalledamuondetector,orcounter.

Muonisachargedelementaryparticlesimilartoelectron.Okay,letmestartover.OnEarth,mostnaturallyoccurringmuonsarecreatedbycosmicrays,whichconsistmostlyofprotons,manyarrivingfromdeepspaceatveryhighenergy.Whenthesechargedparticlesofcosmicrayscollidewithmoleculesintheupperatmosphere,theybreakupintosmallerparticles,muons.Travelingatthespeedoflight,muonscanpenetratetensofmetersintorocksandothermatteronEarth'ssurface.Infact,theycanpassthroughsolidmatter,sotheycantransmitdeepintothesurface.Thus,thispropertyofmuonisperfectforarchaeologiststotakeadvantageof.

Letmeexplain.Overthecourseofseveralmonths,onedetectorcanbuildupapictureshowingtheshadowsofstructuresthey’restudying-liketheMayanpyramidinCentralAmerica,forexample.We'reinterestedinfindingoutifthereareburiedchambersorotherroomsinside.Well,amuondetectorcantrackagreatnumberofmuonpassingthroughthelessdensespaceinsidethepyramid.Yes,youhaveyourhandup?

S:

Idon'tthinkIgethowthisdeviceworksexactly.

P:

Okay,well,whenmuonspassthrough...uh...say...stonewallsofapyramid,densematerial,theyloseenergy.So,inthecaseofemptyspace,moremuonscanpassthroughbecausetheyloselessenergy.Themuondetectorcanidentifytheareabymeasuringtheamountofmuonsineachplace.Wecanseedarkercolorsinemptyspaces,sowewindupwithasortof.pictureofthesiteanditsinternalstructure.

S:

Picture?

P:

Yes,inthesamewaythatCTscansproducea3-Dpictureofyourbodyusingx-rays.Itliterallyisliketomographyinthemedicalsense.

S:

Okay,soifdarkerareasshowupinsidethepyramid,weassumeit’sanemptyspacewithmoremuons.

P:

Yougotit.Thistechnologyenablesustoseewhat'sinsideofthestructurebeforewedigupthesite.So,nowwe

knowexactlywheretoexcavate,andwecanminimizethedamage.Youknow,evenalittledamagecouldresultinlosingcrucialinformationforever.

Now,itwaswhenarchaeologistsbegantousemuondetectorsthattheyimproved.Fourdecadesago,In1967,aphysicistburiedthesedetectorsintheground,surroundingtheEgyptianpyramids.Hewaslookingforburiedchambers.However,hesawnosurprisesinthatexperiment.Buthediddemonstratethatthetechniqueworked.Oneoftheproblemswasthatthemachineheusedwasaboutthesizeofawaterheater.Itwassobigthatmanyarchaeologistsdoubteditspracticality.Then,therewasanotherissueofrange.Withthedetectorusedin1967,wecouldonlyscanfrommuondirectlyaboveitbutnotfromthesides.So,itactuallyhadtobeplacedunderneaththepyramidfirst,sowecouldlookupintotheinsideoftheancientstructure.Itwouldbenice,forinstance,tohaveasystemthatdidn'ttakesixmonthstoproduceanimage.Ibelievethat’swaybetterthantheyearittookforthe1967studytogettheresults,butstill...

Well,there'sgoodreasontobelievethatwithbetterequipment,we’regoingtousemuonsinmuchmorediversemanners.Muondetectorscanalsobeusedinotherareasofscience.Forinstance,toscopeournuclearwastesitesorevenlookfortheunderground.

2

1.Whatisthelecturemainlyabout?

（A）Thedifferentskillsbetweenimpastoandoilpainting

（B）Theeffectsofimpastotechniquesthatartistscanachieve

（C）Reasonswhytheimpastotextureremainsexperimental

（D）Changesovertimeinthewayimpastocharacteristicsarecreated

2.Whydoestheprofessormentionicingonacake?

（A）Tostresshoweasyitistousetheimpastotechnique

（B）Toclaimthatimpastoinvolvestheapplicationofthinlayersofpaint

（C）Tomakeitclearthatimpastoshouldhaveaflatsurface

（D）Todescribethetypeofappearancethatimpastogivestoapainting

3.Accordingtotheprofessor,whydidfifteenth-centurypaintersusedimpastotechniques?

（A）Toensurethatcolorswouldnotfade

（B）Tocreatedeep,mysteriousshadowsinapainting

（C）Togivethesensethatobjectsinapaintingwerereflectinglight

（D）Toshowtheillusionofdistanceonalandscapepainting 

4.WhydoestheprofessorshowapaintingbyVanGogh?

（A）Toexplainthatheisthefirstartistwhocreatedtheimpastotechnique

（B）Toillustratethatheusedimpastotoconveymotioninhiswork

（C）Toshowtheeffectsofathinlayerofimpasto

（D）Tosuggestthatimpastoismoreeffectiveinlandscapesthaninportraits

5.Accordingtotheprofessor,whydosomepaintersuseimpastotechniquestoday?

（A）Theyhavemoreoptionsoftoolstousethanartistsdidinthepast.

（B）Theywantviewerstofocusonthesurfaceofapainting.

（C）Theyareinterestedinchangingpaintingstylesofthepast.

（D）Theirworkswithimpastoaremoreprecisethantheworksdoneinthepast.

6.Whattwokeystousingtheimpastotechniquedoestheprofessortalkabout?

Clickon2answers.

（A）Applyingalargeamountofpainttoacanvas

（B）Pressingonelayerofpaintfirmlyintoacanvas,thenspreadingmorepaintoverthebottomlayer

（C）Paintoverbottomlayer

（D）Applyingpainttoacanvasandthenscrubbingitintothecanvasp（E）Manipulatingthepaintwithquickmovements

2

ListentopartofalectureinaStudioArtclass.

P:

Todaywe’regoingtocontinuewithoilpainting,butindifferentstylesyouhaven’texperienced.Fromnowon,we’regoingtolearnaboutseveraldifferenttechniques,beginningwithimpasto.

Basically,impastoisathickapplicationofpigmentthatmakesnoattempttolooksmooth.Instead,brushandpaletteknifemarksarevisibleonthefinishedpainting.

Now,ingeneral,whenyouworkwithoil,whatyoudoisjustapplyonecoloroveranotherandletthepaintsquishontothecanvas.Andthepaintingsurfaceremainsquiteflat.But,withimpasto,mostlyitinvolvesloadingupyourbrushorpainter’sknifewithmorepaintthanyou’dnormallyneed.Thenthethree-dimensionalpaintappearstobecomingoutofthecanvas.It’ssortoflike...icingthatcoversacake.Actually,whenIsawaseriesofpaintingsdonethisway,theyweresoconvincingtheylookedgoodenoughtoeat.

Anyway,onepurposeofimpastoedpaintistomakealightreflection.Sincethe15thcentury,impastohasinitiallybeenused.Artistscontrolledtheplayoflightcreatingalotofvisualspace.Theshadowsunderneaththepaintshowedfoldsinclothesandjewelstheirsubjectswore.Impastoreallymadethesefeaturesstandout.

Butlater,anothereffectofimpastowasitsabilitytoconveymovementinthepainting.Andwhenyouworkwiththetechnique,youshouldkeepthisinmindthatthethickerthepaintis,themoreitgivesphysicalmovement.LetmeholdVanGoghupasanexample.

VanGogh,oneofthepost-impressionistsduringthe19thcentury,firstusedimpastoforitsexpressivequalities.Lookupatthescreenhere,andnoticehowthecypresstreesandvalleysaredepictedbythethicktexture.Inthisway,VanGoghgaveweighttothemovementtohisskyandlandscape.Youcanalmostfeelthebreezeonthatday.Today'spaintersuseimpastoforadifferentreason.Mostcurre