定语从句详解+例句.doc
《定语从句详解+例句.doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《定语从句详解+例句.doc(4页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
AttributiveClause定语从句
一、定义
定语从句:
修饰名词或代词的从句。
换句话说,名词、代词后的从句叫定语从句。
先行词:
被定语从句修饰的名词、代词、甚至词组或句子叫先行词。
关系词:
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
1关系代词:
在定语从句中担任主、宾、表、定语成分
2关系副词:
在定语从句中担任状语成分
关系词3个功能:
1.连接功能(连接先行词与定语从句);
2.担任功能(在定语从句中担任主、宾、表、定、状语);
3.替代功能(在定语从句中代替先行词)。
关系代词在定语从句中充当
主语的是:
who,that,which,as
宾语的是:
who,whom,that,which,as
定语的是:
whose,which
先行词是人时,关系代词是:
who,whom,that,as
先行词是物时,关系代词是:
which,that,whose,as
关系副词有:
when(先行词为时间),where(先行词为地点),why(先行词为原因)
关系副词=介词+which/whom
定语从句分为两种:
限制性与非限制性。
先行词与关系词之间无逗号隔开为限制性;有逗号隔开则为非限制性,且一般由which引导。
唯一可以置于先行词之前的定语从句由关系代词as引导。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人,在从句中做主语
(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.
(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.
2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.
(2)Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.
注意:
关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。
(3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.
3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略
(1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.
(2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.
4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。
在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
(5)Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.
(6)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?
5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语,有从属关系。
(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.
(2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.
whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替
(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
(4)Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
(5)Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?
(6)Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?
三、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.
(2)Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.
(3)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor.
(4)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.
(5)We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout.
(6)We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.
注意:
1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:
lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等
(1)Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T)
(2)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F)
2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T)
(2)Themanwho/thatyoutalkedwithismyfriend.(F)
(3)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T)
(4)TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.(F)
3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词
(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.
(2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.
(3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.
四、关系副词引导的定语从句
1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语
(1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.
(2)Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.
2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语
(1)ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.
(2)ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.
3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语
(1)Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.
(2)Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.
注意:
关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,
(2)Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.
(3)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn.
难点分析
(一)只能用that不用which
1.当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时
(1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?
(2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.
(3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
(4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.
注意:
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
(4)Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.
2.当先行词被序数词修饰
(1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.
3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
(1)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.
4.当形容词被thevery,theonly,thelast修饰时
(1)ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy,
(2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
(3)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.
5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时
(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?
6.当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时
(1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?
只能用which,who,whom不用that
1.关系代词直接放在介词后面时,要用which,不用that;要用whom,不用who。
2.引导非限制性定语从句时,要用which,who,whom,不用that,也不能省略。
(二)关系代词as和which引导的定语从句
as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处。
具体情况是:
1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子。
(1)Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.
(2)Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.
2.as引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思
(1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.
(2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.
(3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.
(4)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.
注意:
当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which
(5)Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.
3.当先行次由such,thesame修饰时,常用as
(1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.
(2)Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.
(3)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.
注意:
当先行次由thesame修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同
(4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.
她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
(5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.
她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
(三)以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich,that引导,而且通常可以省略。
(1)Thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising.
(四)but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
(1)Thereareveryfewbutunderstandhisidea.(but=whodon’t)
(五)区分定语从句和同位语从句
1.定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,是补充说明的关系
(1)TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.定语从句
(2)Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.同位语从句
2.定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导,关系词在句中充当成分,有时可以省略;同位语从句主要由that引导,在句中一般不做成分;句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,充当成分
(1)Thenewshetoldmeistrue.
(2)Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.
(3)Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.定语
(4)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.
3.同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句不可以
(1)Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.
(2)Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.
(3)Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.同位语
(4)Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.