定语从句详解+例句.doc

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定语从句详解+例句.doc

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定语从句详解+例句.doc

AttributiveClause定语从句

一、定义

定语从句:

修饰名词或代词的从句。

换句话说,名词、代词后的从句叫定语从句。

先行词:

被定语从句修饰的名词、代词、甚至词组或句子叫先行词。

关系词:

引导定语从句的词叫关系词。

1关系代词:

在定语从句中担任主、宾、表、定语成分

2关系副词:

在定语从句中担任状语成分

关系词3个功能:

1.连接功能(连接先行词与定语从句);

2.担任功能(在定语从句中担任主、宾、表、定、状语);

3.替代功能(在定语从句中代替先行词)。

关系代词在定语从句中充当

主语的是:

who,that,which,as

宾语的是:

who,whom,that,which,as

定语的是:

whose,which

先行词是人时,关系代词是:

who,whom,that,as

先行词是物时,关系代词是:

which,that,whose,as

关系副词有:

when(先行词为时间),where(先行词为地点),why(先行词为原因)

关系副词=介词+which/whom

定语从句分为两种:

限制性与非限制性。

先行词与关系词之间无逗号隔开为限制性;有逗号隔开则为非限制性,且一般由which引导。

唯一可以置于先行词之前的定语从句由关系代词as引导。

二、关系代词引导的定语从句

1.who指人,在从句中做主语

(1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.

(2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.

2.whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。

(1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.

(2)Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.

注意:

关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。

(3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.

3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略

(1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.

(2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.

4.that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。

在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。

(5)Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.

(6)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?

5.whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语,有从属关系。

(1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.

(2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.

whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替

(3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.

(4)Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.

(5)Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?

(6)Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?

三、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导

(1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.

(2)Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.

(3)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor.

(4)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked.

(5)We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout.

(6)We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.

注意:

1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:

lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等

(1)Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T)

(2)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F)

2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose

(1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T)

(2)Themanwho/thatyoutalkedwithismyfriend.(F)

(3)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T)

(4)TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.(F)

3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词

(1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.

(2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.

(3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.

四、关系副词引导的定语从句

1.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语

(1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.

(2)Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame.

2.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语

(1)ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.

(2)ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.

3.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语

(1)Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.

(2)Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.

注意:

关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换

(1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear,

(2)Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup.

(3)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn.

难点分析

(一)只能用that不用which

1.当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时

(1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?

(2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.

(3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.

(4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.

注意:

当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who

(4)Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.

2.当先行词被序数词修饰

(1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.

3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时

(1)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.

4.当形容词被thevery,theonly,thelast修饰时

(1)ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy,

(2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.

当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who

(3)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.

5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时

(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?

(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?

6.当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时

(1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?

只能用which,who,whom不用that

1.关系代词直接放在介词后面时,要用which,不用that;要用whom,不用who。

2.引导非限制性定语从句时,要用which,who,whom,不用that,也不能省略。

(二)关系代词as和which引导的定语从句

as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处。

具体情况是:

1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子。

(1)Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.

(2)Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.

2.as引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。

另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思

(1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.

(2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.

(3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.

(4)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.

注意:

当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which

(5)Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.

3.当先行次由such,thesame修饰时,常用as

(1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.

(2)Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.

(3)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.

注意:

当先行次由thesame修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同

(4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.

她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。

(5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.

她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。

(三)以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich,that引导,而且通常可以省略。

(1)Thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising.

(四)but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句

(1)Thereareveryfewbutunderstandhisidea.(but=whodon’t)

(五)区分定语从句和同位语从句

1.定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,是补充说明的关系

(1)TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.定语从句

(2)Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.同位语从句

2.定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导,关系词在句中充当成分,有时可以省略;同位语从句主要由that引导,在句中一般不做成分;句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,充当成分

(1)Thenewshetoldmeistrue.

(2)Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.

(3)Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.定语

(4)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.

3.同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句不可以

(1)Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.

(2)Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.

(3)Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.同位语

(4)Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.

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