上海高考英语新题型之概要写作(Summary).docx
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上海高考英语新题型之概要写作
澄衷高级中学孙吉
从2017年起，上海英语高考试卷的题型将面临许多调整，其中之一便是增加了概要写作（Summarywriting），也有许多人将之称为“小作文”。
概要写作分值占据15分，考查的是考生阅读和写作的综合能力。
概要写作所给定的语篇一般在200-250字，内容丰富多样，包含故事、时政、科普等，体裁以记叙文、说明文为主，字数一般要求在50-60字，答案尽量符合“Keypointsofasummary”的要求。
一．正确认识概要写作
1.Definitionofsummarywriting（概要写作的定义）
Bysummary,wemeanabriefrestatement,inyourownwords,ofthecontentofapassage,anarticle,achapterorabook.
2.Keypointsofasummary（概要写作的要点）
Conciseness（简要性）：
Omitunnecessarydetailslikeexamples,explanationsandotherunimportantinformation.
Length:
1/4-1/3oftheoriginaltext.
Completeness（完整性）：
Toincludeallthemainandsupportingpointsdeliveredinyouownwordsinacondensedmanner.
Accuracy（准确性）：
Togivethesameattentionandstresstothepointsastheauthordoes.
Coherence（连贯性）：
Ratherthananoutlinelistedaskeywordsandphrases,asummaryisaparagraphwithnecessarytransitionsandfunctionstructurestomakeitflow.
Objectivity（客观性）：
Donotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic.Thesummaryshouldreflectthecontentoftheoriginalpassageonly.
3.Stepstowriteasummary（概要写作的步骤）
1）Skimthetexttofindoutthegeneraltheme.
2）Analyzethetext’sstructuretodivideitintoseveralsections,findoutthemainideaofeachsectionandwriteitoutbrieflywithyourownwords.（onesentence）
3）Writedownthekeysupportingpointsforeachmainideawithoutinvolvingminordetails.
4）Organizethemainandrelatedsupportingpointsinalogicalorderwithnecessarytransitionstoachievecoherence.
5）Proofreadforgrammatical,spellingandpunctuationmistakes.
4.Beginningofasummary（概要写作的开头）
Beginyoursummarywith:
*Theauthor’sname
*Thearticle’sorchapter’sname
*Theauthor’sthesisstatement—ageneraloverview（survey）ofthearticle.
TheBody:
Firstofall,theauthordescribes……
Hethenpointsoutthat……
Inaddition,theauthortalksabout……
Finally,theauthorsuggests……
Someotherintroductoryphrases:
*（Theauthor）statesin（thisarticle）that…
*（Theauthor）,in（thisarticle）showsthat…
*In（thisarticle）,（theauthor）writesthat…
*As（theauthor）saysin（thisarticle）,…
*Themainideaof（theauthor’sarticle）is…
*Theauthorbelieves（holds;maintains;claims;argues;pointsout;suggests;proposes）that+clause…
*Theauthortalksabout（explains;describes;reveals;discusses;focuseson）+n.
二．记叙文概要写作要点点拨
记叙文体的阅读材料，相比其他文体而言，写概要相对容易。
在写概要前，除明确文章主题外，还应抓住六个要素：
when,where,who,what,why,how。
在这六个要素中，所占内容比重最大的是what。
一般来说，记叙文的故事概要可以用这样的模板来表示：
Whodidwhatby…because…
当然，不是说每个故事概要都包含how或why，有时两者选其一即可。
下文是课堂训练的一个例子：
Directions:
Pleasereadthefollowingpassageandwriteasummaryofitinnomorethan60words.
ItookatriptoabiglakeinIndonesiawithmyfamilytwoyearsago.Itwasreallyahugelakewithbeautifulsceneryallaround.Peoplewereamazedbytheendlessviewinfrontofoureyes.Lateron,unlikeothergirls,Ivolunteeredtogowater-skiingalone.Iputonthelifejacket,gotonthemotorboatimmediatelyandstartedmyengineassoonaspossible.
Thelakeseemedbroadandendless.Iwassothrilled（激动）toenjoymytripamongthemountainsandwatersthatIspedmymotorboat.Then,aftersometime,Ifoundmyselfinthemiddleoftheendlesslake.Asuddenfearcamearoundme.Ididn’tknowwhereIwasorevenhowfarIhadgonefromtheshore.Whatwasworse,itbegantorainanditbecameverycoldandfoggy.Irodeeverywherebutcouldn’tfindmywayback.Itwasuselessformetocryorshoutforhelp.IwassoterrifiedthatIbegantothinkaboutallkindsofhorriblethings.Afterfloatingonthewaterhelplesslyandhopelesslyforalongtime,suddenlyIheardsomeonecallingmyname.Soon,abigsteamboatsailedtomeandtheypulledmeuptothedeckandaskedmeifIwashurt.Icouldn’tsayawordbutcriedinmyfather’sarms.
材料分析：
根据文本内容，这是一篇故事类的记叙文，要求对其进行概要写作。
因此，我们先找出记叙文的六要素：
When—twoyearsago
Where—atriptoabiglakeinIndonesia
Who—“I”,thewriter
What—gotlost;wasfound
Why—gowater-skiingalone;toothrilled
Result—fathercametoherrescue
列出了要点之后，我们就可以用自己的话将要点组织起来，概括成一段约50词的通顺概要：
Thepassagetellsusthewriter’sexperienceofadventure.Oncethewriterwasonatriptoalakewhereshewentwater-skiingalone.Shewassoexcitedandenjoyedherselfthatsoonshegotlost.Fortunately,herfatherfinallycametoherrescue.（44words）
三．说明文概要写作要点点拨
说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：
现象揭示类：
Thearticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon—（主题），which…（补充解释）
利弊对比类：
Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…
Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.
Onthepositiveside,…,butitmayalso…
研究显示类：
Thestudyrevealsthat…
Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…
下文是课堂训练的一个例子：
Directions:
Pleasereadthefollowingpassageandwriteasummaryofitinnomorethan60words.
Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.Tounderstandwhythisistrue,thinkofthepackagingcommonlyusedforasimpleproduct,suchastoothpaste.Thepackagingincludesnotonlythetubeforthetoothpaste,butalsotheboxforthetube.Thisboxisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboxesaretransportedinacardboardcontainer.
Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownaway.Thoughnecessary,landfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink（发出恶臭）,andcanleakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.Landfillsnotincluded,theproductionofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.
Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.In1991,Germanytooktheleadbyrequiringcompaniestorecyclethepackagingusedfortheirgoods.Todothis,thecompaniessetuprecyclingbinsineveryneighborhood.Consumersnowseparatetheirrubbishintothreecategories—metal,plasticandpapercartons.Theythenputitintotheappropriatebin.Therubbishsorted,itistransportedtoarecyclingcompanyforprocessing.
Theprogrammeworkedwellatfirst.However,theamountofrubbishhasbeguntoincreaseagain.Onereasonforthisisthatmanyconsumersnolongerreducewastebecausetheythinktheproblemissolved.Itseemsthattoproperlydealwiththeproblemofrubbish,everyonemustremainalertanddotheirpart.
材料分析：
根据文本内容，这是一篇讲包装材料所带来的问题的说明文，要求对其进行概要写作。
因此，我们必须首先弄清每一段落的主要内容是什么。
第一段开头第一句话“Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.”是段落的中心句，同时也点明了文章的主题，后面就在以牙膏为例进行举例说明。
第二段主要讲的是包装材料所带来的问题，主要包括两方面，一是垃圾进入填埋场后所造成的污染；二是这些包装材料在生产过程中会产生对空气和水的污染。
第三段主要在讲人们正在采取措施解决包装材料所带来的问题，其中第一句“Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.”是段落的中心句，后面就在用德国的事情举例说明，政府、制造商和个人采取的措施试图解决包装材料带来的污染问题。
第四段开头的however至关重要，说明德国的方法尽管起到了一定的作用，但包装材料的污染仍然是一个大问题，我们绝不能放松警惕。
弄清了每段的主要内容后，我们就按照概要写作的几个原则对其进行连接，在连接段落时需要添加必要的连接词使其通顺连贯即可：
Thearticlepointsouttheproblemofpackaging.Aboutonethirdofrubbishresultsfromthepackagingmaterials,whichcausedamagetotheenvironmentduringtheirproductionandafterendinginlandfills.Thoughtheprogramscarriedouttocombattheproblemaretemporarilysuccessful,theproblemremainsagreatconcern.（50words）
四．小试牛刀
Readthefollowingparagraphsanduseonesentenceorphrasetowritethesummaryofeachparagraph.
1.AnIowahighschoolcounselorgetsacallfromaparentprotestingthe“C”herchildreceivedonanassignment.“Theparentarguedeverypointintheessay,”recallsthecounselor,whosoonrealizedwhythemotherwassodisappointedaboutthegrade.“Itbecameapparentthatshe’dwrittenit.”
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2.Inasurvey,90%ofnewteachersagreedthatinvolvingparentsintheirchildreneducationisapriorityattheirschoolbutonly25%describedtheirexperienceworkingwithparentsas“verysatisfying”.Whenaskedtochoosethebiggestchallengetheyface,31%ofthemquotedinvolvingparentsandcommunicatingwiththemastheirtopchoice.73%ofnewteacherssaidtoomanyparentstreatschoolsandteachersasenemies.
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3.Atatimewhencompetitionisrisingandresourcesarelimited,whenbattlesovertestingforceschoolstoadjusttheirpriorities,whencellphoneande-mailspeeduptheinformationflowandallkindsofprivateghostsandpublicquarrelsslipintotheparent-teacherconference,it’sharderforbothsidestostepbackandbreathedeeplyandlookatthegoalstheyshare.
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4.Everyonesaystheparent-teacherconferenceshouldbepleasant,civilized,akindofdialoguewhereparentsandteachersbuildpartnership.Butwhatmostteachersfeel,andcertainlywhatallparentsfeel,isanxietyandpanic.
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5.Whenateacherasksparentstobepartners,heorshedoesn’tnecessarilymeanMomorDadshouldbecampingintheclassroom.Researchshowsthatthoughstudentsbenefitmodestlyfromhavingparentsinvolvedatschool,whathappensathomemattersmuchmore.AccordingtoresearchbasedontheNationalEducationLongitudinalStudy,asampleofnearly25,000eighthgraders,amongfourmainareasofparentalinvolvement（homediscussion,homesupervision,schoolcommunication,andschoolparticipation）,homediscussionwasthemoststronglyrelatedtoacademicachievement.
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