网球在中西方的发展差异Word文件下载.docx
《网球在中西方的发展差异Word文件下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《网球在中西方的发展差异Word文件下载.docx(16页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
本文采用文献资料法,比较研究法等想相关研究方法,对中国和西方发达国家的网球发展作比较研究,通过对异同作深层次比较研究,发现中西方网球运动相关领域的差异及其对中西方网球运动发展的影响,从而找到中国网球运动发展与西方网球运动发展的差距。
根据研究的需要,本文将中西方网球运动比较的范围确定在中西方文化,社会背景和经济等方面进行考察,得出以下研究结论:
1.网球是西方传统文化的产物,西方人在参加网球运动时具有天然的适应性和传承性,而中国传统文化在一定程度上影响着网球在中国的发展。
2.与西方网球运动相比,中国网球运动仍处于落后阶段。
在综合比较中,找到差距的成因,并努力改变,中国的网球才能与西方网球想匹敌。
关键词:
网球;
中国;
西方;
差异
AnalysisonthegapoftennisbetweenChinaandWest
Abstract
Europeisthebirthplaceoftennis,andsometimelater,tennishasbeenintroducedtomanycountriesaroundtheworld.TennisarrivedinChinaalittlebitlateandyetdevelopsrapidly.Chinesefemaletennisplayershavewonthe2004AthensOlympic,the2008Australiaopenandthe2011Franceopen,whichmarksanewbeginning.Butasseenfromthewhole,thetennislevelbetweenChinaandwestisdistinct.Therefore,howtocomparethesimilaritiesanddifferencesoftennisandfindoutthefavorablefactorstoChinesetennisisanimportantsubjecttomanytheoreticalworkerstopayattentionandforin-depthresearch.Forthisreason,thisstudy,usingliteraturemethod,comparativeanalysisandotherresearch,makesacomparativestudybetweenChinesetennisandthewesterntennis.Throughadeeperlevelstudybetweensimilaritiesanddifferences,thisthesisaimstofindthedisparity,andtoprovideappropriatesuggestionsfortheChinesetennis.Ontheneedofthestudy,thispaperwillfixthescopeofthecomparisoninculture,socialbackgroundandeconomydevelopment.Followingaretheconclusions:
1.Tennisisaproductofwesterncultureandwesternershaveanaturaladaptationandtransmissionwhentheyplaytennis,traditionalChineseculture,ontheotherhand,interferesthedevelopmentoftennis.
2.Comparingwiththewesterntennislevel,Chinaisfallingbehind.BycomparingthedifferencesbetweenChinaandWestinvariousaspects,wemayfindthecausesandimproveourselvesandtrytocatchupwiththewesterncountries.
KeyWords:
Tennis;
China;
West;
Difference
Introduction
Historiansbelievethatthegame'
sancientoriginlayin12thcenturynorthern
France,whereaballwasstruckwiththepalmofthehand[1].TheFrenchking
wasakeenplayerof
jeudepaume
(“gameofthepalm”),whichevolvedinto
realtennis,andbecamenotableasthefirstpersontoconstructindoortenniscourtsintheModernstyle.Tennishasswepttheworldaroundtheseyears,andtennisplayersbothfromhomeorbroadaredoingagreatjob.Chinesetennisisdevelopingextremelyfastrecentyears,andthemostremarkablemonumentiswhenLinawontheFrenchopenin2011.Peopleinchinaarenowsoobsessedwithtennisthattheywouldn’tmissagame,theirenthusiasmisheightened.ButthedifferencebetweenChinaandwestisstilldistinguishing.Thedevelopmentofwesterntennishasreachedalevelthatchinacan’tcatchupwith.Forinstance,thefourgreattennismatchesareheldinwesterncountries,andtheirtennisplayersalwaysrankthefirstplaceinthelist.ThereisnoAsianmaleplayerswhocanhaveasitinthetoptenlist.Somemaywonderwhythishappens.Manyresearchesaremadebyscholarsortheoreticalworkerstoexplainthisinterestingphenomenonandhowitgoessofar.However,whatpeoplecareaboutaremerelythetopplayers,theirintroductionandhowmanymedalstheyhavewon,oreventheirgossip.Theyusuallynegatethemostimportantfacts.Feweverreachthisissuefromculturalview,socialbackgroundvieworeconomicview.Followingaretheanalysesonthisissue.
I.ThedifferenceoftennisbetweenChinaandWestinculturalaspect
1.1Therulesoftennismatches
Tennis
isa
racquetsport
thatcanbeplayedindividuallyagainstasingleopponent(singles)orbetweentwoteamsoftwoplayerseach(doubles).Eachplayerusesa
racquet
thatisstrungwithcordtostrikeahollowrubber
ball
coveredwithfeltoveroraroundanetandintotheopponent'
scourt.Theobjectofthegameistoplaytheballinsuchawaythattheopponentisnotabletoplayagoodreturn.Theopponentwhoisunabletoreturntheballwillnotgainapoint,whiletheoppositeopponentwill.Tennisisan
Olympic
sportandisplayedatalllevelsofsocietyandatallages.Thesportcanbeplayedbyanyonewhocanholdaracquetincluding
wheelchairusers.Themoderngameoftennisoriginatedin
Birmingham,
England,inthelate19thcenturyas"
lawntennis"
[2].Ithadcloseconnectionsbothtovariousfield("
lawn"
)gamessuchas
croquet
and
bowls
aswellastotheolderracquetsportof
realtennis.Duringmostofthe19th-centuryinfact,theterm"
tennis"
referredtorealtennis,notlawntennis:
forexample,in
Disraeli'
snovel
Sybil
(1845),LordEugeneDeVereannouncesthathewill"
godownto
HamptonCourt
andplaytennis."
Therulesoftennishavechangedlittlesincethe1890s.Twoexceptionsarethatfrom1908to1961theserverhadtokeeponefootonthegroundatalltimes,andtheadoptionofthe
tie-break
inthe1970s.Arecentadditiontoprofessionaltennishasbeentheadoptionofelectronicreviewtechnologycoupledwithapointchallengesystem,whichallowsaplayertocontestthelinecallofapoint.Tennisisplayedbymillionsofrecreationalplayersandisalsoapopularworldwidespectatorsport.Thefour
GrandSlam
tournaments(alsoreferredtoasthe"
Majors"
)areespeciallypopular:
the
AustralianOpen
playedon
hardcourts,the
FrenchOpen
playedonred
claycourts,Wimbledon
grasscourts,andthe
USOpen
playedalsoonhardcourts.
1.2InfluenceofChinesecultureontennisdevelopment
Fromthedevelopmentofculture,thecircleofconflictandcombinationofcultureisdestined,orwecansaythatthecommunicationofcultureboostthedevelopment.[3].AncientChinawaslocatedintheeastofAsia,withthepacificoceantotheeast,vastdesertandaridgrasslandinnorth,steepHengduanmountainrangesandHimalayasmountainsinsoutheast(whichincludingTibetanplateau,knownastheroofoftheworld).Withallthesespecialsurroundings,arelativelycomplete,independentandclosednaturalgeographicunitwasformed.TraditionalChineseculture,whichcameoutofthisuniquenaturalgeographicenvironment,wasoftencoloredwithastrongtendencyof“self-centered”initiative.TheChinesecharacteristhebestproof,asthesayinggoes,“china,thecenteroftheworld”.Itistheresultoflongtimeprideselfconsciousnessandnationalconsciousness,thisculturalegoismpermeatesthelifeofChinesepeopleinallaspects.
ChinesesportscultureistheconsequenceoftheevolutionoftraditionalChineseculture,basedontheindividualagriculturaleconomywithpatriarchalfamilyasitsbackgroundandConfucianthoughtsasitscore.Chinesepeoplebelieveincollectivism.TheChinesenationofthousandsofyearshasdevelopeditsowngloriousandvariablecultureintheprocess.TraditionalChineseculturevaluepeaceandpaylessattentiontocompetition,butthesoulofsportsistocompetewithothers,andthiscontradictstraditionalChineseculture.Familyisthecenterofeverythingandtheydespiseindividualism,Chinesecultureattachesgreatimportancetounityandmodesty,thusmakingsportactivitieshardtocarryout.Especiallyforsportliketennis,theyusedtothinkitwastooviolentandrefusedtoplayit,andthisresistancehadinfluencedtheirchildren.Generationsbygenerations,tennisinChinahadnotswirled,anditwasinthedarkcornerforawhile.TraditionalChineseculturewasakindofethicalculture,whichpaidmuchattentiontothedoctrineofthemean,whilesolesstocompetition,butthevitalityofsportsliesincompetition,theConfucianethicswastotallyagainstit.Confucianethicsvualuablepart.TraditionalChinesecultureputfamilyaboveanythinganditloatheegoism,peoplearerequiredtofollowthe“ThreecardinalguidesandFiveconstantvirtues”,theirbehaviormustbeharmonious,unifiedandmodest,theresultisthatthewholenationsufferfrompsychologicalinequality,theircreativityispressedbythemoralityaswellasbytheteamrule,thusmakingthetennismatchunfairforthemtocompete.“Bylearningfromthewest,allthesehavegreateffectonpolitics,economy,militaryandeducation”[4].FromThefeudalethicsoftheGrandunificationkillstheaggressivemindandcompetitivespiritinthetennisplayers,inconsequence,ourtennisplayersisshortofindependenceconceptandcreativity.
Sportistheresultofculture.Althoughitisalsoinfluencedbyraceandlanguage,cultureisthemostimportantone.[5]TraditionalChinesecultureattachgreatimportancetointelligencewhilesolesstophysicalsport,favoring“calmness”over“movement”,thesupportersofthisthinkpeoplewithgreatintelligencearetherule,whilepeoplewhoworkphysicalaretheruled.Thewindofdespisingphysicallaborandsportsactivitieshasbeencurrentforalonglongtime.EspeciallywhenitcomestotheHandynasty,thesituationgetsevenworseandeverythingisaboutConfucianism.Peoplewhoplaysportswouldbethoughtascakeeaters,extremesportsaredespised.Andbecauseofit,sometraditionalsportshavefallenintoentertainperformanceincourt,losingitsoriginalintention.Theselectionoftennistalentsishighlystrictlylimitedastheconsequenceofthiswind,parentsrefusetolettheirgiftedchildrenengageinprofessionaltennis,hence,tennislackenoughsocialattentionandsupport,theideatopopularizetennisalsobecomesquitedifficult.Chinesepeopleinoldtim