方法论research methods论文Word文档格式.docx

方法论research methods论文Word文档格式.docx

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ResearchMethod

Name:

SichenJu

StudentNumber:

20043176

Tutor:

IanElsmore

content

Reference……………………………………………………………….9

Introduction

Thepurposeofthisessayistocriticallyreviewtwoacademicreportswhichbothfocusonthequestionthatwhetherandwhyhospitalityindustryemployeesaresatisfiedwiththeirjobs.Lucas（2002）"

FragmentsofHRMinhospitality?

Evidencefromthe1998workplaceemployeerelationssurvey"

chosethemanagersandemployeesfromhotels,restaurants,bars,holidaycampsandcanteenstoanalyzethedataandgottheconclusionthathospitalityindustryemployeesaremoresatisfiedwiththeircareerthanemployeesfromotherindustries.Martin（2004）wroteherreport,whichnamedas'

Who’skickingwhom?

Employees’orientationstowork’.OnbehalfofLucas'

sresearch,workingoutwhyhospitalityindustryemployeesgetaratherhighlevelofsatisfactorytotheirjobs.Theygetdifferentresearchresultsbecauseoftheirdifferentresearchmethodsandpurposes.Theessaywillcommencewithanoverviewofthetworeports,followedbythereasonoftheirgettingdifferentresultsandthestrengthandweaknessofrelatedmethodology.Strongandeffectiveliteraturereviewleadstheauthortowardacertainspecificresearchpoint.Inthisessay,thecontentwillbethesummaryoftheargumentpresentedinthetwoarticles,comparisonofthepointsofviewraisedbythetwoauthorsandcontractiontothedifferentmethodologicalapproachestakenbytheauthors.Asummaryisanimportantparttoenrichtheinformationorsources.Butasynthesismeansorganizingorrewrotetheinformation.Andatlastsomepersonalviewwillberaisedandsupportedbytheliteraturereview.Differentresearchmethodsareusedtoprovetheopinions.Inthenextpart,theanalysisofthetworelatedpaperwillbebroughtforwardanddiscussedindifferentresearchmethods.

MainBody

Lucas（2002）inherreportnamed"

interviewedthemanagershiringatleast10employeesfromhotels,restaurants,bars,holidaycampsandcanteensaroundUKandalso1,100samplesofemployeestocollectthedata.Shegottheconclusionthathospitalityindustryemployeesaremoresatisfiedwiththeircareerthanemployeesfromotherindustries.SheusedquantitativemethodtogettheresultthatalthoughHIemployeesaremotivatedmorestrictlythanAISemployees;

theyhavearatherhighlevelofjobsatisfactory.Martin（2004）wroteherreport,whichnamedas'

Employees’orientationstowork'

onthebasisofLucas’swork.TheobjectiveofthispaperistoanalysisandanswerthequestionLucasroseinherreport.Thatis,howHIemployeesaremanagedororganizedintheirworkplacesandwhytheyfeelgoodabouttheirjobs.Bothofthetworeportsstartedwithliteraturereview.Literaturereviewisinformationinacertainparticularareaputtogetherwithinacertainperiodoftime.（Hart,2001）Veal（2006）declarethatitisimportanttousetheliteraturereviewtosetuptheresearchplatform,becausethatitdedicatesthemeaningofthequotationaswellasthatitisthefoundationofcomparison.Literaturereviewisapartofresearchreport.Inaresearchreport,literaturereviewisusedasafoundationandbasefortheauthor'

spointofview.Literaturereviewisalsothebackgroundforaresearchreport'

ssurvey.Aftertheliteraturereviewsection,themethodologysectioncouldbecarriedout,becauseresearchersgottheirresearchquestions.

Lucas（2002）demonstratedthattherateofhospitalityindustryemployees'

satisfactoryishigherthanthoseofallotherindustriesandservices（AIS）employees.Thedatawascollectedfrommanagersandemployeeswhowereworkingindifferenthospitalityworkplacessothattogetinformationandtosupportthepointofview.Thosemanagerswhoemployedatleast10employeesfrom160differenthospitalityworkplaceswereinterviewed;

meanwhile,1,100employeeswerequestioned.Openingbyillustrating"

WhatisHRM?

”,thearticlethentalksabouttheanalysisandevaluationoffragmentsofHRMfoundinHIandAISworkplaces.Finally,itleadstoaconclusionthatwhetherHRMintheHIispoorincomparisonwithHRMinBritain.However,Martin（2004）useddifferentmethodologyandgotcompletelycontraryresearchresult.Martinraisedagroupofcasestudiesofhospitalityemployeescomingfromfourdifferentindependentworkplaces.Thisresearchfocusesonthepersonalityofemploymentinthesefirmsfromasocialactionperspective.Martinconsideredthatthemethodologicalconstraintsusedinthepreviousstudieshadfailedtoshowthedifferentemploymentrelationshipsinhospitalityindustry,becauseofthelackofattentionpaidtoindividualinfluencesandthetoomuchattentiontomanagementandcontrolinworkplaceswhileanalyzingthelaborprocess.Andthen,Martinprovidedanothermethodtoproveherpointofview.Oneresearchquestionthat‘DoHIemployeesenjoybeingkicked?

Andifsowhy?

'

isaskedandanalysed.Talkingaboutsolvingtheresearchquestion,certainmethodologiesareappliedtoinvestigatetheauthors'

pointofview.IntheLucas’sresearch,literaturereviewisused.WhileintheMartin'

spaper,itpresentsacollectivecasestudyofhospitalityemployeesacrossfoursmallindependentrestaurants.Thus,casestudyandfocusgroupareusedinthepaper.Duetothedifferentmethodologiesareinvolvedinthetwopapers,Lucasprovedherargument.However,MartinreceivedevidencetodisagreewithLucas.Lucasusedlotsofdataanddefinitiontosupportherperspectives.Thismakesherreportpersuasive.However,itisaquestionthatwhetherthosequotedbyheriscorrectandreliable.Aroundthesameresearchquestion,differentmethodologiescouldleadtocontrastresult.Andthen,analyzethereasonswhythesituationwilloccurinthosetwopapersandidentifythestrengthandweaknessofeachmethod.

InLucas’spaper,quantitativemethodofsurveyisbeingusedtogetthedata.Quantitativeresearchisthemethodicalexperimentalinvestigationofquantitativepropertiesandphenomenaandtheircausalrelationships.Theprocessofitisvitaltoquantitativeresearchbecauseitprovidesthefunditionbetweenexperimentalobservationandmathematicalexpressionofquantitativerelationships.（Creswell,1994）Quantitativeresearchisexceptionallyhelpfultofurthertestifythefactorsthatcanimpactpeople'

sattitudeandevencanmeasurethedegreesofinfluence.Surveyisaresearchmethodinwhichinformationgetstogetherfromasamplebyusingaquestionnaire.Questionnaireisdividedintothreebasictypes,closed-ended,open-endedorcombinationofboth.（Jack,1983）Designingaquestionnairemeanstodeterminethelistofquestionsanddesigntheexactformatoftheprintedorwrittenquestionnaireisanessentialaspectofthedevelopmentofasurveyresearchdesign.（Zikmund,2000,p60）InMartin’spaper,qualitativemethodofinterviewandcasestudyareusedtocollectingandanalyzingdata.Qualitativeresearchisaformofsocialinquirythatfocusesonthewaypeopleinterpretandmakesenseoftheirexperiencesandtheworldinwhichtheylive.Researchersusequalitativeapproachestoexplorethebehavior,perspectivesandexperiencesofthepeopletheystudy.Thebasisofqualitativeresearchliesintheinterpretiveapproachtosocialreality.（Holloway,1997）Themajorstrengthofinterviewisthattheresearchercangetinformationdirectlyfromtheinterviewee’sspeech.

InLucas’sreport,surveyandquestionnairearethemainresearchmethods.Questionnaireisincludedinsurveyandithasadvantagesoversomeothersurveymethods.Questionnairedoesnotneedsomucheffortfromthequestionersandoftenoffersstandardizedanswerstoquestionerssothatitissimpletoanswer.（Saunders,Lewis&

Thornhill,2007）Questionnairecostslittlemoneyandtime.Itisconvenientfortheresearchersandalsothepeoplewhowilldothequestionnaire.（Jensen,2002）Itiseasytoanalyzetheresultofthequestionnairebecausetheanswersaresetinadvanceandmainlystatisticaldata.Ontheotherhand,thequestionnaireisnotveryreliable.Thequestionsaremainlyverysimpleandobjectiveones.Sometimestheyevenleaveblanktothefinalopen-endedquestions.（Baxter&

Babbie,2004）CasestudyisthemainmethodofMartin’sreport.Casestudyresearchisusefulforanin-depthstudyofproblemstounderstandprocessesorsituationsincontext.（Gilgun,1994）Greatamountsofinformationcanbelearnedinthisway.Casestudyresearchmayhavemorethanoneparticipant.Casestudyfocusesonasinglecaseandit’sanin-depthanalysisofthatcase.（Graziano&

Raulin,1993）Thecriticalresearchconsumerconcernstwoaspectswhenjudgingtheadequacyofacasestudy.Thefirstisthateachcasemustbecomplete,andthesecondisthatthecriticalresearchconsumershouldexpectthatthedescriptionofthecasebelogicalandeasytofollow.（Martella,1999）

Conclusion

Thisessaytalksaboutthecomparisonoftwogivenreportsaswellasthefeaturesofresearchmethodswhichshowtherolesoftheresearchprocess.Viatheoriesofresearchmethods,contentsofliteraturereviewandmethodologyhavebeenshown.What’smore,thestrengthsandweaknessofeachmethodarealsoanalyzed.Itisclearthatliteraturereviewcandirectlyleadtheresearchquestions,andthatmustinfluencethemethodswhichshouldchosen.Afterthatmethodologiesaswellasmethodshavetheimpactonvalidityandreliabilityoftheresearch.Besides,tworeportsofresearchworkingsatisfactionamonghospitalityindustryemployeesindicatedcomple