电大学位英语统一考试11Word格式.docx
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such
as
letters,
paintings
andphotographs，butarchaeologists（考古学家）learnfromtheobjectsleftbehindbythehumansoflongago.Normally,thesearethehardmaterialsthatdon'
tbreakdownordisappearveryquickly—thingslikehumanbonesandobjectsmadefromstoneandmetal.
Itisveryunusualtofindanythingmorethanthehardevidenceofhistory--normally,thebacteria（细菌）intheaireatawayatsoftmaterials,likebodies,clothesandthingsmadeofwood.Occasionally,thingsaredifferent.
In1984,twomenmadeanamazingdiscoverywhileworkinginabogcalledLindowMoss,inthenorthofEngland.Abogisaverywetareaofearth,withalotofplantsgrowinginit.Itcanbelikeaverybigandverythickvegetablesoup—walkinthewrongplaceandyoucansinkanddisappearforever.Themenwereworkingwhenoneofthemsawsomethingstickingout—ahumanfoot!
Naturally,themencalledthepolice，whothenfoundtherestofthebody.Wasitacaseofmurder?
Possibly--butitwasadeathnearlytwothousandyearsold.ThetwomenhadfoundabodyfromthetimeoftheRomaninvasionofBritain.Despitebeingsoold,thisbodyhadskin,muscles,hairandinternalorgans—thescientistswhoexaminedhimwereabletolookinsidetheman'
sstomachandfindthefoodthathehadeatenforhislastmeal!
Whywasthismansowellpreserved?
（76）Itwasbecausehe
wasinaverywateryenvironment,safefi:
omthebacteriathatneedoxygentolive.Also,thewaterinthebogwasveryacidic.Theacidpreservedtheman'
sskininthewaythatanimalskinispreservedforleathercoatsandshoes.
Howdidhedie?
Understandably,archaeologistsandotherscientistswantedtoknowmoreaboutthepersonthattheycalled,“LindowMan”.（77）Hishandsandfingernailssuggestedthathehadn'
tdoneheavymanualworkinhislife—hecouldhavebeenarichman.Theyfoundthathehadn'
tdiedbyaccident.Thearchaeologistsbelievethathewassacrificedtothreedifferentgods.
1.Whichlanguagedoestheword“archaeology”comefrom?
A.French.
B.Greek.
C.Roman.
D.German.
2.Theword“these”inthefirstparagraphrefersto_______.
A.letters
B.photographs
C.paintings
D.objects
3.Whichofthefollowinghelpedtopreserve“LindowMan”?
A.IceandIowtemperature.
B.Bacteriaandoxygen.
C.Soilandenergy.
D.Acidandwater.
4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?
A.“LindowMan”wasnamedafterthepersonwhofirstfoundhim.
B.
Historiansusuallyusepaperevidence,whilearchaeologistsusehardevidence.
C.“LindowMan”wasfoundbytwoarchaeologistsinthesouthof
England.
D.“LindowMan”wasgoodatmanualwork.
5.Whichisthebesttitleforthepassage?
A.WhatIsArchaeology?
B.ArchaeologyandHistory
C.AnAmazingArchaeologicalDiscovery
D.TheDeathof“LindowMan”
Passage2
Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Thecityhasalwaysbeenanengineofintellectuallife,fromthe18th-centurycafesofLondon,wherecitizensgatheredtodiscusschemistryandpolitics,totheLeftBankbarsofmodernParis,where
Picassotalkedaboutmodemart.Withoutthemetropolis,wemight
nothavehadthegreatartofShakespeare.
Andyet,citylifeisn'
teasy.Nowscientistshavebegunto
examinehowthecityaffectsthebrain,andtheresultsaredepressing.Justbeinginanurbanenvironment,theyhavefound,impairs（损害）ourbasicmentalprocesses.（78）Afterspendingafewminutesonacrowdedcitystreet,thebrainislessabletoholdthingsinmemory,andsuffersfromreducedself-control.Whileit'
slongbeenrecognizedthatcitylifeisexhausting,thisnewresearchsuggeststhatcitiesactuallydullourthinking,sometimesdramaticallyso.
Oneofthemainforcesatworkisacompletelackofnature,whichissurprisinglybeneficialforthebrain.Studieshavedemonstrated,forinstance,thathospitalpatientsrecovermorequicklywhentheycanseetreesfromtheirwindows,andthatwomenlivinginpublichousingarebetterabletofocuswhentheirapartmentsoverlookalawn.Eventheseglimpsesofnatureimprovebrainperformance,itseems,becausetheyprovideamentalbreakfromtheurbanlife.
Thisresearcharrivesjustashumanscrossanimportantmilestone（里程碑）.Forthefirsttimeinhistory,themajorityofpeopleliveincities.Insteadofinhabitingwide-openspaces,we'
recrowdedintoconcretejungles,surroundedbytrafficandmillionsofStrangers.Inrecentyears,it'
sbecomeclearthatsuchunnaturalsurroundingshaveimportantimplicationsforourmentalandphysicalhealth,andcanpowerfullyalterhowwethink.
Thisresearchisalsoleadingsomescientiststodabble（涉足）inurbandesign,astheylookforwaystomakethecitylessdamagingtothebrain.（79）Thegoodnewsisthatevenslightalterations,suchasplantingmoretreesintheinnercityorcreatingurbanparkswithagreatervarietyofplants,cansignificantlyreducethenegativesideeffectsofcitylife.Themindneedsnature,andevenalittlebitcanbeabighelp.
6.Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthispassage?
A.Thecityinspirestalentedpeople.
B.Thecityhurtsyourbrain.
C.Thecityhasmanypleasuresandbenefits.
D.Thecityseriouslyaffectsthenaturalbalance.
7.Theword“metropolis”inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto_______.
A.citizen
B.nature
C.city
D.stress
8.Peoplehavejustcometorealizethat_______.
A.humanattentionisa
scarce
resource
B.citylifecanmakepeopleverytired
C.thecityisanengineofintellectuallife
D.anurbanenvironmentisdamagingtothebrain
9.Whatisthefactormentionedinthethirdparagraphthathelpsthehospitalpatientsrecovermorequickly?
A.Nature.
B.Bettertreatment.
C.Experienceddoctors.
D.Goodmedicine.
10.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?
A.Differentaspects（方面）ofanurbanenvironment,suchasthecrowdedstreets,canleadtoanincreaseinself-control.
B.Smallchangesinurbandesign,cannotreducethenegativesideeffectsofcitylife.
C.Forthefirsttimeinhistory,theearth'
spopulationismoreurbanthanrural.
D.Awalkdownabusycitystreetwillimprovebrainperformance.
Passage3
Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Breastfeeding（母乳喂养）foramonthorlongerappearstoreduceawoman'
sriskofgettingdiabetes（糖病）laterinlife,accordingtoanewstudy.Thebreastfeedinganddiabeteslinkhasbeenreportedinotherstudies,accordingtoresearcherEleanorSchwarz.Yet,herstudymakesthelinkeasiertobelieve.HerstudyispublishedinajournalofmedicineinAmerica.Schwarzandhercolleagueslookedatdataaboutbreastfeedingpractices.Theyevaluateddataon2,233womenf~omCalifomia.Ofthose,405werenotmothers,1,125weremotherswhobreastfedforatleastamonth,and703weremotherswhohadneverbreastfed.Theywere40to78yearsold.
AccordingtoSchwarz'
sstudy,theriskofgettingadiagnosis（诊断）ofType2diabetesforwomenwhobreastfedalltheirchildrenforamonthorlongerwassimilartothatofwomenwhohadnotgivenbirth.Butmotherswhohadneverbreastfedwerenearlytwiceaslikelytodevelopdiabetesaswomenwhohadnevergivenbirth.Motherswhoneverbreastfedwereabout1.4timesaslikelytodevelopdiabetesaswomenwhobreastfedforonetothreemonths,Schwarzfound.
Whileonemonthofbreastfeedingappearstomakeadifference,Schwarzsays,evenlongerisbetter.（80）“Previousstudieshaveshownthelongerthemombreastfeeds,themorebenefitforherbody.”Manyexpertsrecommendbreastfeedingforsixmonthsandcontinuingforayear,shesays.
Thediabetes-breastfeedinglinkisprobablyexplainedbybellyfat.Mothers,whodon'
tbreastfeed,astheygetolder,mayhavemorebellyfat,asbreastfeedinghelpsnewmotherstakeoffweight.“Bellyfatincreasestheriskofdiabetesasyougetolder,”shesays.
Thefindingisn'
tsurprisingatall,saysKimberlyGregory.Sheoftengivesadvicetowomenwhogetdiabetes（occurringduringpregnancy（怀孕））thattheyareatriskforlatergettingType2diabetesandsuggeststheybreastfeed.ThenewfindingswillprobablyinspireGregorytoaddtothe-adviceshegivesmoms-to-beaboutthebenefitsofbreastfeeding.Sheoftenfocusesonthebenefitstothebaby.
11.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?
A.Abouttwothousandandtwohundredoldwomentookpartinthestudy.
B.EleanorSchwarz'
sresearchprogramwasaboutmenandwomen
whosufferedfromdiabetes.
C.Overonefifthsofthewomennevergotmarried.
D.EleanorSchwarz'
sresultsseemmorereliable.
12.AccordingtoSchwarz'
sfindings,whoaremorelikelytogetdiabeteslaterinlife?
A.Thosemotherswhohadneverbreastfed.
B.Thosemotherswhonevergavebirth.
C.Thosemotherswhobreastfedforamonth.
D.Thosemotherswhobreastfedforsixmonths.
13.Whichofthefollowi
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