Login.docx - 冰点文库

资源描述

《Login.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Login.docx（27页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

ResearchPolicy

ArticleinPress,CorrectedProof-Notetousers

doi:

10.1016/j.respol.2006.08.003

Technologyparksandregionaleconomic

growthinChina

AlbertGuangzhouHu

aDepartmentofEconomics,NationalUniversityofSingapore,Singapore,Singapore

Received4August2004; revised16August2005; accepted8August2006. Availableonline6October2006.

Abstract

China'stechnologyparkshavebeengrowingrapidlyinthedecadethatfollowedtheirestablishment.Iexaminewhetherthisismerelyinresponsetothepolicyincentivesortherehavebeenexternaleconomiesfromtheconcentrationofhigh-technologyfirmsinthetechnologyparksaspolicymakershadhoped.UsingdataonChina's53nationaltechnologyparksfrom1992to2000anddataonthemetropolisesthathostthem,Ifindresultsthatareconsistentwiththeneoclassicalgrowthmechanism—laborproductivityacrosstechnologyparksisconvergingandthereisnoevidenceofgeographicalexternaleconomies.Buttheforeigndirectinvestmentthehostcityreceiveshasrobustlycontributedtotheproductivitygrowthinthetechnologyparks.Finally,Ifindevidencethatintheirearlystageofdevelopmentthetechnologyparkshavehamperedtheseculartrendofincreasing

regional

inequalityinChina.

Keywords:

Technologyparks;Localization;Externalities;China

JELclassificationcodes:

O3;O4

ArticleOutline

1.Introduction

2.China'stechnologyparks:

formationandgrowth

2.1.Scienceandtechnologypolicyandtechnologyparks

2.2.Hostcitiesandtechnologyparks

2.3.Thegrowthofhostcitiesandtechnologyparks

3.Technologyparks,localizationandurbanization

3.1.Dynamicexternalitiesoflocalizationandurbanization

3.2.Theempiricalmethodology

3.3.Resultsanddiscussion

4.Technologyparksandregionaleconomicconvergence

5.Concludingremarksandpolicyimplications

Acknowledgements

References

1.Introduction

Theclusteringofhigh-technologyfirmsandthesynergiesitcreatesamongvariousinstitutionsintheclusterisadefiningcharacteristicofSiliconValleyandRoute128intheU.S.Observershavenotedthatsuchconcentrationofinnovativefirmsandindividualsinaregionhelpstocreateanentrepreneurialandinnovativeculturethatbreedsacontinuousstreamofinnovationsinanenvironmentofinformationsharingandknowledgespillover,bothacrossfirmsandbetweenfirmsandacademicinstitutions,oftenviainformalchannels（Saxenian,1996）.AlthoughneitherSiliconValleynorRoute128cameintoexistencebydesign,countriesaroundtheworld,developedorunder-developed,havetriedtoemulatetheAmericansuccessstoriesbyofferingpolicyincentivestoencouragehigh-technologyfirmformationindesignatedlocations.BetterknownexamplesofsuchparksincludeCambridge,U.K.,Sophia-AntipolisofFrance,TsukubainJapan,andTaiwan'sTsinchuTechnologyPark.1

TheideathatgeographicalconcentrationgeneratesexternalitiesthroughlocalizationandagglomerationdatesbacktoMarshall（1920）.ThreeforcesdrivetheformationandgrowthofregionalclusteringofindustriesaccordingtoMarshall:

informationexchangeorknowledgespillovers,theadvantageofathicklabormarket,andthebackwardandforwardlinkagesthatalargelocalmarketcanfoster.VoluminousstudieshaveappliedtheMarshallianexternaleconomiestounderstandandexplainindustryconcentrationandtheexistenceandgrowthofcities（Henderson,1986,Glaeseretal.,1992,Krugman,1993andBlackandHenderson,1999）.2TheseforceshavearguablyplayedanevenmoreprominentroleintheformationandexponentialgrowthofSiliconValley.TheMarshallianexternaleconomiesofconcentrationofhigh-technologyfirmsnaturallycontributestotheeconomicrationalebehindtheeffortstobuildtechnologyparks.

Beginningintheearly1990s,theChinesegovernmenthasestablishedtechnologyparksin53majorChinesemetropolisesunderitsTorch（Huoju）Program,ascienceandtechnologyinitiativetopromotetechnologytransferanddiffusion.Theobjectivewastobuildwithintheseparksaconcentrationofhigh-technologycompaniesthroughpolicyincentivessuchastaxholidays.Thetechnologyparkswereexpectedtoexpeditetechnologyadoptionanddiffusionandcreatesynergiesamongtheacademicandfinancialinstitutionsandcorporationswithinornearthepark.3

Preferentialgovernmentpoliciesraisetheprivatereturntoinvestmentintheparksandthereforeleadtorapidgrowththroughexpeditiousfactoraccumulation.However,iftheneoclassicalgrowthmechanism（Solow,1956）dominates,marginalproductsofcapitalwilleventuallybeequalizedandoutputperworkerwillconvergetothesteadystateacrosstechnologyparks.Asaresult,policyinterventionisunlikelytoraisethelong-runregionaleconomicgrowth.Ontheotherhand,theexternaleconomiestheorythathasevolvedovertimetobeknownastheMARtheory–reflectingthecontributionsofMarshall,Arrow（1962）,andRomer（1986）–suggeststhatthepotentialexternaleconomiesfromgeographicallylocalizedknowledgespillovercanresultinincreasingreturnstoinvestment.Hencegovernmentpolicyandinitialconditionsoftheparksandthehostcitiescanbeinstrumentalinshapingthelong-rungrowthofthetechnologyparksandovertimethatoftheirhostcities.

TwopolicyissuesariseuponcloseexaminationofChina'stechnologyparkinitiative,whichhaveimplicationsforthedesignofregionalandtechnologypoliciesinotherdevelopingcountriesaswell.Giventheimportanceofknowledgespilloverandlinkagesbetweenfirmsinthesuccessoftechnologyparks,itisunclearwhetheraconcentrationoffirmsdrivenpurelybypolicyincentivesratherthancapturingexternalitiesfromlocalizationandagglomerationwillbesustainableandjustifythesubsidiesthegovernmenthandsout.Secondly,itisexpectedthatthetechnologyparkswillacceleratediffusionofnewtechnologywiththeestablishmentofgeographicallydispersedhighertechnologyfirms.ThediffusionofnewandadvancedtechnologybridgesthetechnologygapbetweeneconomicallydisadvantagedanddevelopedregionsinChinaandthusenablestheformertogrowfasterandeventuallycatchupwiththelatter.Ifsuchpotentialistobefulfilled,technologyparksaddtothetoolbagofChinesepolicymakersincombatingincreasingregionaleconomicinequality.

Usingdataon52Chinesenationaltechnologyparksfrom1992to2000andmatchingdataonthemetropoliseswherethetechnologyparksarelocated,Iinvestigatetwoquestions.

Aretheredynamicexternalitiesfromconcentratinghigh-technologyfirmsinthetechnologyparksandlocatingtheminamajormetropolis?

Besidesgeneralregionalexternalities,Ialsoexaminewhethertherehasbeenspilloverfromforeigndirectinvestment（FDI）andlocalhighereducationinstitutionstofirmsinthetechnologyparks.ThesecondquestionisdotechnologyparkshelptostemtheseculartrendofincreasingregionalinequalityinChina?

ThenextsectiondescribesthedevelopmentoftechnologyparksinChina.Section3investigatesdynamicexternalitiesoflocalizationandurbanizationassociatedwithChina'stechnologyparks.IexaminethepotentialroleoftechnologyparksinregionaleconomicgrowthinaconvergenceanalysisframeworkinSection4.Thefinalsectionconcludeswithremarksonthepolicyimplications.

2.China'stechnologyparks:

formationandgrowth

2.1.Scienceandtechnologypolicyandtechnologyparks

Chinaembarkedonaseriesofscienceandtechnologypolicyinitiativesatthebeginningofthereformerainanattempttoboostitsscienceandtechnologycapabilities.SomeofthesefocusedonbasicresearchsuchastheestablishmentoftheChineseNaturalScienceFoundationandKeyNationalLaboratories;others,suchastheTackle（GongGuan）Program,weregearedtowardsservingtheimmediatetechnologicalneedsofChineseindustries.The“863”Plan,ortheHighTechnologyResearchandDevelopmentPlan,ontheotherhand,aimedtobridgeChina'sgapwiththeworldfrontierinaselectfewnewandhightechnologicalareas,suchasbio-technology,electronics,andinformationtechnology.

Inrecognitionofthelackofinstitutionsthatwouldsupportnew-andhigh-technologyfirmformationandothermechanismsoftechnologicaldiffusion,theTorchProgramwasputinplacein1988withthemainobjectiveto“todevelophigh-andnew-technologyproducts,establishtechnology-orientedenterprises,andpavethewayforthecommercializationofinnovationsthatwillcomeoutofmajornationalscienceandtechnologyprograms”（YuanandGao,1992,p.197）.AmajoringredientoftheTorchProgramwastheestablishmentofscienceandtechnologyparks,wheremostofthenew-andhigh-technologycommercializationeffortswereexpectedtotakeplaceandwheresucheffortsweretoreceivevariousformsofgovernmentsubsidies.

Thetechnologyparksoffervariouspolicyincentivestoencourageinvestmentandnewfirmformationintheparks.4Forexample,newfirmsareexemptedfromcorporateincometaxfortwoyears.Licenseiswaivedfortheimportofmaterialsandpartsusedinproducinggoodsforexport.Afirm'srevenuefromtechnologytransferisonlytaxablebeyondthefirst300,000yuan.Intangibleassetssuchasintellectualpropertycanbefactoredintoacompany'sregisteredcapital.Togainentrytotheparksandbequalifiedforthepolicyincentives,firmsarerequiredtohavethehigh-andnew-technologynatureoftheirtechnologyandproductscertifiedbyagovernmentagency（MOST,2001）.Onecriterionisthatfirmshavetospendatleast3%ofsalesonresearchanddevelopment.Suchhigh-technologystat

展开阅读全文