写作技巧.docx

写作技巧.docx

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写作技巧

HowtoWriteanInformativeSpeechforPublicSpeaking

Bybobbykrueger,eHowMember

Informativespeechmakingiseasywiththeproperknowledgeofhowtostructureyourspeech.

MicrosoftOfficeOnline

User-SubmittedArticle

Beingauniversityprofessorofpublicspeakingaswellasapublicrelationsprofessional,Ihaveseenhowapoorlywritteninformativespeechwilldecreaseaspeaker'scredibilityresultinginlesspeoplelisteningthemessage.Theultimategoalofaninformativespeechistoconveyknowledgeandhelptheaudiencebetterunderstandyourcommunicationmessage.Knowinghowtoconstructaneffectiveinformativespeechwillbenefitanyonetryingtocommunicateinformationintheclassroom,businesssector,militaryandnonprofitindustry.

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HowtoWriteanInformativeSpeechforPublicSpeaking|eH

Thefirststepistodecideanappropriatetopic.Rememberthataninformativespeechdoesnotadvocateapoliticalposition,cause,wayofthinkingoractiontotake.Thinkofyourselfasateacherwhowillbesimplypresentingthefactsinanobjectiveway.Ifyouarestumpedforatopic,agreatplacetolookfortopicsisinthemassmedia.Lookforwhatisbeingheavilycoveredandthenspeakaboutsomerelatedaspect.Thisensuresthatyoufindatopicthatmayalreadybeonthemindsofyouraudience.

2

Next,youshoulddecideonhowyouwouldclassifyyourspeech.Mostpublicspeakingcoursesdivideinformativespeechesintofourcategories:

（1）speechesaboutevents,

（2）speechesaboutobjects,（3）speechesaboutconcepts,and（4）speechesaboutprocesses.

3

Whatisyourgoal?

Onceyoudecideonthecategory,youmustthendevelopyourspecificpurpose.Dependingonyourcoursestructureandtheoreticalperspective,yourspecificpurposewilleitherbe"speaker-centered"or"audience-centered."Ifitisspeaker-centered,thenyourspecificpurposewillusuallybeginas,"Toinformmyaudienceabout..."incontrasttoanaudience-centeredspeechwhichtypicallybegins,"Attheendofmyspeech,Iwantmyaudienceto..."Determiningyourspecificpurposeisimportantsinceitwillguideyouduringthespeechwritingprocesssothatyoustayfocusedonwhatyouhopetoaccomplishwiththespeech.Itwillensurethatyoudonotstraytoofaroffthetopicanddiscussirrelevantmaterialthatwillmakeyourcommunicationmessagelessclear.

4

Howwillyouorderyourspeech?

Itisnowtimetobeginyouroutline.Howyouorganizeyouroutlinewilldependonyourspeech'sclassification.

Ifitisaspeechonanevent,youcouldusea"chronological"orderinwhichyoutalkaboutincidentsintheorderthattheyactuallyoccurred.Ifyourspecificpurposepertainstoshowinghowsomeeventledtosomething,thenyoucouldusea"causal"order.Themostcommonformatofcausalorderistogofromspeakingaboutthecausefirst,andthenmovingtotheeffect.Athirdoptionischoosinga"topical"orderinwhichyoucantalkabouteventaspectsinanylogicalorder.

Anexampleofwhenyouwouldusetopicalwouldbeifyouchosetoinformyouraudienceaboutthemanyeventsinahighschooltrackmeet（polevault,100meterdash,etc.）.

Ifyouspeechisaboutanobject,thenyoucanadapta"topical"or"chronological."Anotherwaytoarrangeaninformativespeechaboutanobjectistousea"spatial"order.Thisismostcommonifyouaredescribingaregiononamap.Here,youmightdiscussthenorthpartfirst,thenmovetothesouth,andfinallytalkabouttheeastandwestportionsofageographicregion.

Ifyouchoosetogiveaninformativespeechovera"concept,"thenyourorderchoiceisratherlimited.Mostspeakerswillchoosethe"topical"ordersinceyouwanttopreciselyspelloutthemainaspectsandcharacteristicsofyourconcept.

Finally,ifyouchooseaninformativespeechona"process,"thenyourchoicesaregenerallylimitedtotheordersofeither"chronological"or"topical."

5

Sources,sources,sources.

Afteryouhavedecidedonyourappropriateorder,youshouldalwaysutilizeexternalsourcesinordertoback-upyourcentralideaandmainpoints.MakesureyoueitherverballycitethesesourcesorincludethesourcesinyourPowerPointslides,whileyouarepresenting.Rememberthatitisimportanttohavecredibilityinwhateversettingyouaregivinganinformativespeech.

6

Don'tforgetbasicspeechelements.

Remembertoincludeallofthefollowingpartsinyouroutline:

Attention-getter,establishmentofethos,previewofwhatyouwilltalkabout,mainpointsandtheirsubpoints,summaryinconclusion,memorableendingaswellasthetransitionsyouwillusetomovefromtopictotopic.

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HowtoWriteanInformativeSpeechforPublicSpeaking|eH

Tips&Warnings

∙Akeytopublicspeakingistoalwaysrelateyourmaterialtotheaudience.Whatisinterestingforyour,maynotbeinterestingforsomebodyelse.Onceyouchooseatopic,findouthowitrelatestothetargetpeopleinyouraudience.

∙Getsomebackgroundinformationonyouraudiencebeforeyoudecideonaspeechtopic.Youraudiencemayalreadyknowalotaboutyoursubject.Youraudiencemaygetoffendedifyoudonotprepareforsuchapossibility.Ifyouarespeakingtoanorganization,findoutwhattheirinterests/goalsare.Alwayscateryourtopictoyouraudience.

∙Makesureyourspeechisnottooabstract.Personalizeyourspeechbyrelatingittoyourownexperiencesorusingotherexamplesfromeverydayindividuals.Youcangetaroundabstractionbyusingdescriptionthatappealstoourfivesenses.

∙Avoidexpertlanguage.Donotuselanguagethatistootechnicalorjargonthatonlyexpertsinthatfieldwouldunderstand.Agoodideasistohavesomebody,whodoesnotknowanythingaboutyoursubject,readyouroutlineandseeifanythingisunclear.Seeifthatpersonunderstandsyourmessage.

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HowtoWriteanInformativeSpeechforPublicSpeaking|eH

TechniquesofPersuasiveCommunication:

OldWisdominaNewPackage

Http:

//N2008-9-25 01:

50　浏览：

38次　来源：

 作者：

Philip Yaffe

  关键字：

TechniquesofPersuasiveCommunication:

OldWisdominaNewPackage  ec  Te  ge眼镜

热点直击：

Top 10 Affiliate Marketing Strategies

Whatyouareabouttoreadwillprobablysoundfamiliar.Indeed,ithasbeensaidmanytimesbefore.However,Ibelievethisformulationisoriginalandmayhelpyoubetterapplyitinyourmarketingcommunication.IimmodestlycallitYaffe%26rsquo;sLaw.

Yaffe%26rsquo;sLaw

Ifyougivepeoplewhattheywantfirst,thentheyarelikelytoacceptanythingelseyouwantthemtohave.Ifyougivethemwhatyouwantfirst,chancesaretheywon%26rsquo;tacceptanythingatall.

Thisissimplytheclassicprinciplethatyoushouldwritefromthereader%26rsquo;spointofview.Andofcoursewealldothis.Ordowe?

Howoftendoweinterpretwritingfromthereader%26rsquo;spointofviewastellingpeople:

%26ldquo;WhatIhavetosaywillbeofbenefittoyou,soyoushouldpaycloseattention%26rdquo;?

Whenwedothis,weareinfactwritingfromourpointofview,nottheirs.Wemaysincerelybelievethatourmessageisimportantandbeneficialtoourpotentialreaders.Butunlesstheyagree%26mdash;andagreealmostimmediately%26mdash;theargumentislost.

Wehaveallbeenguiltyofsuchself-servinglogic,andsomeofusdoitmoreoftenthanwewouldliketoimagine.Thisiswhythisnewformulationoftheclassicprincipleispotentiallysouseful.Itforcefullyremindsusthatthereadersareking.Andlikeroyaltytheymustbeservedfirst.Onlyafterreadershavesampledwhatwehaveonofferandfinditpalatablewilltheybetrulyinclinedtolistentowhatwewanttosay.Assimilateit.Andhopefullyactonit.

ThepowerofYaffe%26rsquo;sLawliesinthefactthatitismorethanjustareminder.Itisinfactaformulaforensuringthatyouwillalwayswritefromthereader%26rsquo;spointofview.Thetrickisfirsttoapplytheformula,thencheckhowwellyouhaveappliedit%26mdash;and,ifnecessary,reapplyit.

Theformulaconsistsofthreesteps:

1.Determinewhatyourreadersreallywanttoknow,ratherthanwhatyouwanttosay.

2.Givethistothem--first.

3.Linkwhatyouwanttosaytowhattheyreallywanttoknow.

HereareafewexamplesofhowYaffe%26rsquo;sLawworksinpractice.

CorporateImageBrochure

Iwasoncecommissionedtowriteacorporateimagebrochure.Twothingsarecertainabouttheseexpensive,glossybooklets:

%26bull;Almostallcompaniesofanysizefeelcompelledtoproducethem.

%26bull;Virtuallynooneeverreadsthem.

Byapplyingtheformula,Icreatedabrochurethatpeoplenotonlyread.Theycalledthecompanytorequestadditionalcopiestogivetofriends,clientsandprofessionalcolleagues!

How?

Istartedfromtheassumptionthatnoonewouldwanttoreadanythingaboutthecompanyitself.SoIaskedmyself:

Whatthingsdoesthecompanydothatpeoplemightreallywanttoreadabout?

Thecompany%26rsquo;sbasicactivitywasproducingvaccines.Weareallnaturallyinterestedinhealthandvirtuallyeveryoneknowstheimportanceofvaccination.Herewerealreadytwothingspeoplemightwanttoreadabout.

Iwasabletodefinesevenareasofthecompany%26rsquo;sactivitiesthatcouldbenaturallyattractivetopotentialreaders.However,itdidn%26rsquo;tstopthere.Ifallthisinterestinginformationweremixedupwithcompanypublicity,peop