国际法整理资料.docx

国际法整理资料.docx

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国际法整理资料

名词解释

1、law-makingtreaty造法性条约

Law-makingtreatiesareintendedtohaveuniversal（orgeneral）ratherthanrestrictiveeffect.Such‘law-making’treatiesarecreatedwiththeparticipationofalargenumberofstatestoelaboratetheirperceptionofinternationallawuponanygiventopicortoestablishnewrulesforguidingtheirfutureinternationalconduct.Rulesproducedbysuchtreatiescanhavebindingeffectuponallcontractingparties.Examplesofthese‘law-making’treatiesincludethe1992RioDeclarationoftheUNConventionontheEnvironmentandDevelopment,etc

2、Recognitiondefacto事实承认

Therecognitiondefactoisusuallyregardedasaninterimstepinwhichtherecognizingstateshavesomedoubtsconcerningthecontinuanceandlegalityofthegovernmentinquestion.

3、universaljurisdiction/theuniversalityprinciple普遍性管辖

Undertheuniversalityprinciple,whereacrimeisoffensivetotheinterestsoftheinternationalcommunityasawhole,eachandeverystatemayarrestjurisdictionovertheoffense.Irrespectiveofthenationalityofthevictimandtheoffenderandthelocationoftheoffense.

4、restrictiveimmunity相对/有限豁免权

Suchcircumstanceledtothecallsformodificationofthedoctrine.Manystatesthereforehaveadoptedtheconceptofrestrictiveimmunity,wherebyimmunitymaybegrantedtogovernmentalacts（actsjureimperii）whileimmunityisnotavailableforthoserelatingtoprivateortradeactivity（actsjuregestionis）.

5、reservationstotreaties条约保留

AsdefinedinArticle2ofthe1969ViennaConvention,areservationis:

Aunilateralstatement,howeverphrasedornamed,madebyastate,whensigning,ratifying,accepting,approvingoraccedingtoatreaty,wherebyitpurportstoexcludeortomodifythelegaleffectofcertainprovisionsofthetreatyinthetreatyintheirapplicationtothatstate.

6、thecontinentalshelf大陆架的定义

The1982Conventiondefinesthecontinentalshelfas:

"theseabedandsubsoilofthesubmarineareasthatextendbeyonditsterritorialseathroughoutthenaturalprolongationofitslandterritorytotheouteredgeofthecontinentalmargin,ortoadistanceof200nauticalmilesfromthebaselinesfromwhichthebreadthoftheterritorialseaismeasuredwheretheouteredgeofthecontinentalmargindoesnotextenduptothatdistance."

7、therightofhotpursuit紧追权

Hotpursuitisaprinciplewhichallowsthewarshipsormilitaryaircraftofacoastalstatetopursueaforeignshipwhichhasviolatedthecoastalstate’slawswithininternalorterritorialwatersandtoarrestitonthehighseas.

8、therightofderogation克减权

1、Intimeofpublicemergencywhichthreatensthelifeofthenationandtheexistenceofwhichisofficiallyproclaimed,theStatesPartiestothepresentCovenantmaytakemeasuresderogatingfromtheirobligationsunderthepresentCovenanttotheextentstrictlyrequiredbytheexigenciesofthesituation,providedthatsuchmeasuresarenotinconsistentwiththeirotherobligationsunderinternationallawanddonotinvolvediscriminationsolelyonthegroundofrace,colour,sex,language,religionorsocialorigin.

2.Noderogationfromarticles6,7,8（paragraphsIand2）,11,15,16and18maybemadeunderthisprovision.

3.AnyStatePartytothepresentCovenantavailingitselfoftherightofderogationshallimmediatelyinformtheotherStatesPartiestothepresentCovenant,throughtheintermediaryoftheSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations,oftheprovisionsfromwhichithasderogatedandofthereasonsbywhichitwasactuated.Afurthercommunicationshallbemade,throughthesameintermediary,onthedateonwhichitterminatessuchderogation.

9、双梯度责任制LiabilityofTwo-tiersystem

strictliabilityFordamagesarisingnotexceeding113,000SpecialDrawingRights（1SDR＝0.888671g）foreachpassenger,thecarriershallnotbeabletoexcludeorlimititsliability.faultliabilityThecarriershallnotbeliablefordamagesarisingexceedforeachpassenger113,000SpecialDrawingRightsifthecarrierprovesthat:

  （a）suchdamagewasnotduetothenegligenceorotherwrongfulactoromissionofthecarrieroritsservantsoragents;or  （b）suchdamagewassolelyduetothenegligenceorotherwrongfulactoromissionofathirdparty

论述题

（一）contensofdiplomaticprivilegesandimmunities外交特权豁免的内容

diplomaticprivilegesandimmunitiesentitledtothediplomaticmission：

大使馆的外交特权豁免

（1）Useoftheflagandemblem使用国旗和国徽

ThemissionanditsheadshallhavetherighttousetheflagandemblemofthesendingStateonthepremisesofthemission,includingtheresidenceoftheheadofthemission,andonhismeansoftransport.

（2）Thepremisesofthemissionshallbeinviolable使馆馆舍不受侵犯

•1.Thepremisesofthemissionshallbeinviolable.TheagentsofthereceivingStatemaynotenterthem,exceptwiththeconsentoftheheadofthemission.

•2.ThereceivingStateisunderaspecialdutytotakeallappropriatestepstoprotectthepremisesofthemissionagainstanyintrusionordamageandtopreventanydisturbanceofthepeaceofthemissionorimpairmentofitsdignity.

•3.Thepremisesofthemission,theirfurnishingsandotherpropertythereonandthemeansoftransportofthemissionshallbeimmunefromsearch,requisition,attachmentorexecution.

（3）archivesanddocumentsofthemissionshallbeinviolable使馆档案文件不受侵犯

•Thearchivesanddocumentsofthemissionshallbeinviolableatanytimeandwherevertheymaybe.

（4）freecommunication通讯自由

•1.ThereceivingStateshallpermitandprotectfreecommunicationonthepartofthemissionforallofficialpurposes.IncommunicatingwiththeGovernmentandtheothermissionsandconsulatesofthesendingStates,whereversituated,themissionmayemployallappropriatemeans,includingdiplomaticcouriersandmessagesincodeorcipher.However,themissionmayinstallanduseawirelesstransmitteronlywiththeconsentofthereceivingState.

•2.Theofficialcorrespondenceofthemissionshallbeinviolable.Officialcorrespondencemeansallcorrespondencerelatingtothemissionanditsfunctions.

•3.Thediplomaticbagshallnotbeopenedordetained.

•4.Thepackagesconstitutingthediplomaticbagmustbearvisibleexternalmarksoftheircharacterandmaycontainonlydiplomaticdocumentsorarticlesintendedforofficialuse.

•5.Thediplomaticcourier,whoshallbeprovidedwithanofficialdocumentindicatinghisstatusandthenumberofpackagesconstitutingthediplomaticbag,shallbeprotectedbythereceivingStateintheperformanceofhisfunctions.Heshallenjoypersonalinviolabilityandshallnotbeliabletoanyformofarrestordetention.

（5）Exemptionfromallduesandtaxes免捐税

Thepremisesofthemissionshallbeexemptfromallduesandtaxes.Thefeesandchargesleviedbythemissioninthecourseofitsofficialdutiesshallbeexemptfromallduesandtaxes

（6）Freemovementandtravel行动自由

•ThereceivingStateshallensuretoallmembersofthemissionfreedomofmovementandtravelinitsterritoryexceptforzonesentryintowhichisprohibitedorregulatedforreasonsofnationalsecurity

diplomaticprivilegesandimmunitiesentitledtodiplomaticagents外交代表的特权与豁免

（1）Thepersonofadiplomaticagentshallbeinviolable.人身不受侵犯

Heshallnotbeliabletoanyformofarrestordetention.ThereceivingStateshalltreathimwithduerespectandshalltakeallappropriatestepstopreventanyattackonhisperson,freedomordignity

（2）Inviolabilityofresidenceandproperties寓所、财产不受侵犯

•Theprivateresidenceofadiplomaticagentshallenjoythesameinviolabilityandprotectionasthepremisesofthemission.Hispapers,correspondenceandhispropertyshalllikewiseenjoyinviolability

（3）Exemptionfromjurisdictionofthereceivingstate管辖的豁免

（i）AdiplomaticagentshallenjoyimmunityfromthecriminaljurisdictionofthereceivingState.

（ii）Heshallalsoenjoyimmunityfromitscivilandadministrativejurisdiction（民事和行政管辖的豁免——四项例外①关于接受国境内私有不动产之物权诉讼；②外交代表以私人身分并不代表派遣国而为遗嘱执行人、遗产管理人、继承人或受遗赠人之继承事件之诉讼；③外交代表于接受国内在公务范围以外所从事之专业或商务活动之诉讼；④外交代表主动提起诉讼即不得对与主诉直接相关之反诉主张管辖豁免）;

（iii）Adiplomaticagentisnotobligedtogiveevidenceasawitness;

（iv）Immunityoftheexecutionofthecivilandadministrativejudgment.

TheimmunityfromjurisdictionofdiplomaticagentsmaybewaivedbythesendingState.Waivermustalwaysbeexpress

（4）Exemptionfromallcustomsduties,taxes,andrelatedchargesandinspection免纳捐税

•Articlesforthepersonaluseofadiplomaticagentshallbeexemptfromallcustomsduties,taxes,andrelatedcharges,andhispersonalbaggageshallbeexemptfrominspection

（5）Exemptionfromallduesandtaxes.

Adiplomaticagentshallbeexemptfromallduesandtaxes

（6）Otherprivilegesandimmunities

（二）、thelegalstatesoftheterritorialsea领海的法律地位

Thecoastalstateenjoysfullterritorialsovereigntyoveritsterritorialsea:

•

（1）.Anexclusiverighttofish,andtoexploittheresourcesoftheseabedandsubsoiloftheterritorialsea.

•

（2）.Exclusiveenjoymentoftheairspaceabovetheterritorialsea;unlikeships,foreignaircrafthavenorightofinnocentpassage.

•（3.）Thecoastalstate’sshipshavetheexclusiverighttotransportgoodsandpassengersfromoneportofthecoastalstatetoanother.

1.thelegalstatusoftheterritorialsea

•（4.）Ifthecoastalstateisneutralinatimeofwar,belligerentstatesmaynotengageincombat,orcapturemerchantshipsinthecoastalstate’sterritorialsea.

•（5.）Thecoastalstatemayenactregulationsconcerningnavigation,health,customsdutiesandimmigration,whichforeignshipsmustobey.

•（6）Thecoastalstatehascertainpowersofarrestovermerchantshipsexercisingarightofinnocentpassage,andoverperso