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考研英语真题及答案完形填空完整
SectionI UseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank.andmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting__1__workersproductivity.Instead,thestudiesended__2__givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathevery__3__tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior
Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4__behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto__5__oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6__whatwasdoneintheexperiment.__7__somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.A(n)__8__thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe__9__toalterworkers'behavior__10__itself
Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere__11__toeconometrictheanalysisHawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore 12 thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic__13__wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting
Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathappened.__15__,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSundayWhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output__16__rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays__18__,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff. Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown
1.[A]affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored
2.[A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off
3.[A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof
4.[A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous
5.[A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments
6.[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work
7.[A]asfaras [B]forfearthat [C]incasethat [D]solongas
8.[A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion
9.[A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant
10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by
11.[A]compared[B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed
12.[A]contraryto [B]consistentwith [C]parallelwith [D]peculiarto
13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source
14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading
15.[A]Incontrast [B]Forexample [C]Inconsequence [D]Asusual
16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly
17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued
18.[A] Therefore [B]Furthermore [C]However [D]Meanwhile
19.[A]attempted [B] tended [C]chose [D]intended
20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitting
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
Text1
OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.
Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageof
fortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmost
bit-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsof
criticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.
Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereonce
deemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.
WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWar2,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaserousbusiness.andeventhosereviewswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereaout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.'Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,'Newmanwrote,"thatIamtemptedtodefine"journalism"as"atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare".'
Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,andastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.
IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?
Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyuphosteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.
21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that
Aartscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.
BEnglish-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.
Chigh-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.
Dyoungreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.
22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWar2werecharacterizedby
Afreethemes.
Bcasualstyle.
Celaboratelayout.
Dradicalviewpoints.
23.WhichofthefollowingwouldshawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?
AItiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.
BItiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.
CWritersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.
DNotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.
24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?
AHismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.
BHisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.
CHisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.
DHiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.
25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
ANewspapersoftheGoodOldDays
BTheLostHorizoninNewspapers
CMournfulDeclineofJournalism
DProminentCriticsinMemory
Text2
Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncomreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystemMerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforlyingabox。
Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalehackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.ScourtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”,saysDermis'D,CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents”
Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepintstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice。
TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling。
TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme.Countthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactiontotheanti-patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysHaroleCWegner,apartendattorneyandprofessoratWashingtonUniversityLawSchool。
26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof
[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness [B]theirconnectionwithasset