B3U4 TWord文件下载.docx

B3U4 TWord文件下载.docx

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JamesGordonBrown（1951~）wasborninGlasgow,Scotland.HeisthePrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomandLeaderoftheLabourParty.ImmediatelybeforethishehadservedasChancelloroftheExchequerintheLabourgovernmentfrom1997to2007underTonyBlair.HehasbeenaMemberofParliamentsince1983;

firstforDunfermlineEastandsince2005forKirkcaldyandCowdenbeath.AsPrimeMinister,healsoholdstheofficesofFirstLordoftheTreasuryandtheMinisterfortheCivilService.

2.JohnMaynardKeynes

JohnMaynardKeynes（1883～1946）wasaBritisheconomistwhoseideashavehadacentralinfluenceonmodernmacroeconomics,bothintheoryandpractice.Headvocatedinterventionistgovernmentpolicy,bywhichgovernmentswouldusefiscalandmonetarymeasurestomitigatetheadverseeffectsofbusinesscycles,economicrecessions,anddepressions.HisideasarethebasisfortheschoolofthoughtknownasKeynesianeconomics,anditsvariousoffshoots.

3.WealthofNations

AnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNationsisthemagnumopusoftheScottisheconomistAdamSmith.ItisaclearlywrittenaccountofeconomicsatthedawnoftheIndustrialRevolution,aswellasarhetoricalpiecewrittenforthegenerallyeducatedindividualofthe18thcentury—advocatingafreemarketeconomyasmoreproductiveandmorebeneficialtosociety.

Theworkiscreditedasawatershedinhistoryandeconomicsduetoitscomprehensive,largelyaccuratecharacterizationofeconomicmechanismsthatsurviveinmoderneconomics;

andalsoforitseffectiveuseofrhetoricaltechnique,includingstructuringtheworktocontrastrealworldexamplesoffreeandfetteredmarkets.

4.aninvisiblehand

Ineconomics,theinvisiblehandisthetermeconomistsusetodescribetheself-regulatingnatureofthemarketplace.TheinvisiblehandisametaphorcoinedbytheeconomistAdamSmithinTheWealthofNations.

5.Mercantilism

Mercantilismisaneconomictheorythatholdsthattheprosperityofanationisdependentuponitssupplyofcapital,andthattheglobalvolumeofinternationaltradeis“unchangeable”.Economicassetsorcapital,arerepresentedbybullion（gold,silver,andtradevalue）heldbythestate,whichisbestincreasedthroughapositivebalanceoftradewithothernations（exportsminusimports）.Mercantilismsuggeststhattherulinggovernmentshouldadvancethesegoalsbyplayingaprotectionistroleintheeconomy;

byencouragingexportsanddiscouragingimports,notablythroughtheuseoftariffsandsubsidies.

Mercantilismwasthedominantschoolofthoughtthroughouttheearlymodernperiod（fromthe16thtothe18thcentury）.Domestically,thisledtosomeofthefirstinstancesofsignificantgovernmentinterventionandcontrolovertheeconomy,anditwasduringthisperiodthatmuchofthemoderncapitalistsystemwasestablished.Internationally,mercantilismencouragedthemanyEuropeanwarsoftheperiodandfueledEuropeanimperialism.Beliefinmercantilismbegantofadeinthelate18thcentury,astheargumentsofAdamSmithandtheotherclassicaleconomistswonout.Today,mercantilism（asawhole）isrejectedbyeconomists,thoughsomeelementsarelookeduponfavorablybynon-economists.

6.theReformation

Oneofthegreatestofallrevolutionswasthe16thcenturyreligiousrevoltknownastheReformation.Thisstormy,oftenbrutal,conflictseparatedtheChristiansofWesternEuropeintoProtestantsandCatholics.Sofar-reachingweretheresultsoftheseparationthattheReformationhasbeencalledaturningpointinhistory.ItusheredintheModernAgebecause,oncethepeople’sreligiousunitywasdestroyed,theybegantothinkintermsoftheirownregionalinterests.Fromthediversityofthoseinterestsarosenewpolitical,social,andeconomicproblemsandbeliefs.

7.TheTheoryofMoralSentiments

TheTheoryofMoralSentimentsisaworkonethicsandhumannature,whichmadeAdamSmith’scareer.InhisTheoryofMoralSentiments,Smithaskedthemostfundamentalquestion:

Whydoweregardcertainactionsorintentionswithapprovalandcondemnothers?

Smithtookacompletelynewdirection,holdingthatpeoplearebornwithamoralsense,justastheyhaveinbornideasofbeautyorharmony.Ourconsciencetellsuswhatisrightandwrong:

andthatissomethinginnate,notsomethinggivenusbylawmakersorbyrationalanalysis.Andtobolsteritwealsohaveanaturalfellow-feeling,whichSmithcalls“sympathy”.Thesenaturalsensesofconscienceandsympathyensurethathumanbeingscananddolivetogetherinorderlyandbeneficialsocialorganizations.Soourmoralityistheproductofournature,notourreason.

TheTheoryofMoralSentimentsestablishesanewliberalism,inwhichsocialorganizationisseenastheoutcomeofhumanactionbutnotnecessarilyofhumandesign.Indeed,ourunplannedsocialorderisfarmorecomplexandfunctionalthananythingwecouldreasonoutforourselves.

8.thelawofnature

Thelawofnatureornaturallawisatheorythatpositstheexistenceofalawwhosecontentissetbynatureandthatthereforehasvalidityeverywhere.Thephrase“naturallaw”isopposedtothepositivelaw（whichisman-made）ofagivenpoliticalcommunity,society,ornation-state,andthuscanfunctionasastandardbywhichtocriticizethatlaw.Innaturallawjurisprudence,ontheotherhand,thecontentofpositivelawcannotbeknownwithoutsomereferencetothenaturallaw（orsomethinglikeit）.Usedinthisway,naturallawcanbeinvokedtocriticizedecisionsaboutthestatutes,butlesssotocriticizethelawitself.Someusenaturallawsynonymouslywithnaturaljusticeornaturalright,althoughmostcontemporarypoliticalandlegaltheoristsseparatethetwo.

NaturallawtheorieshaveexercisedaprofoundinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEnglishcommonlaw,andhavefeaturedgreatlyinthephilosophiesofThomasAquinas,FranciscoSuá

rez,RichardHooker,ThomasHobbes,HugoGrotius,SamuelvonPufendorf,JohnLockeandEmmerichdeVattel.Becauseoftheintersectionbetweennaturallawandnaturalrights,ithasbeencitedasacomponentinUnitedStatesDeclarationofIndependenceandtheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.

9.theEnlightenment

TheAgeofEnlightenment,orsimplyTheEnlightenment,isatermusedtodescribeatimeinWesternphilosophyandculturallife,centeredupontheeighteenthcentury,inwhichreasonwasadvocatedastheprimarysourceandlegitimacyforauthority.

DevelopingmoreorlesssimultaneouslyinGermany,France,GreatBritain,theNetherlands,Italy,Spain,andPortugal,andbuoyedbytheNorthAmericancolonists’successfulrebellionagainstGreatBritainintheAmericanWarofIndependence,theculminationofthemovementspreadthroughmuchofEurope,includingthePolish-LithuanianCommonwealth,RussiaandScandinavia,alongwithLatinAmericaandinstigatingtheHaitianRevolution.IthasbeenarguedthatthesignatoriesoftheAmericanDeclarationofIndependence,theUnitedStatesBillofRights,theFrenchDeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizen,andthePolish-LithuanianConstitutionofMay3,1791,weremotivatedby“Enlightenment”principles.

PARTⅡLanguageStudy

1.Kirkcaldy—thebirthplace,in1723,ofAdamSmithand,byextension,ofmoderneconomics—isalso,ofcourse,whereyourChancelloroftheExchequerwasreared.（Para.1）

ItisinKirkcaldythatAdamSmithwasbornin1723,andtoacertaindegree,itisthebirthplaceofmoderneconomicsanditisalso,ofcourse,whereyourChancelloroftheExchequergrewup.

extension:

n.

1）[U]extendingorbeingextended伸展；

延长；

被延长

Theextensionofscientificknowledgehasbenefitedusalot.

科学知识的普及让我们受益良多。

Theextensionofthegardenwilltakeseveralweeks.

扩建花园需要几个星期。

2）[C]additionalpart扩充部分，增补部分

Wearebuildinganextensiononthebackofourhouse.

我们正在屋后进行扩建。

Addakitchenextensiontoyourhome.

在你家里扩建一个厨房。

3）[C]extraperiodoftime宽限的期限

Iamgoingtoaskforanextensiononthisessay.

我打算请求延期交这篇文章。

Localshopshavebeengrantedanextensiontoopeninghours.

当地商店已经被允许延长营业时间。

Willthebankgiveyouanextensionontheloan?

银行会给你延长贷款期限吗？

byextension:

somethingbeingnaturallyconnectedtoorbeinganaturalresultofsomethingelse自然地，当然地

Shehatesallbusinessmenand,byextension,me.

她恨所有的生意人，当然也包括我。

Hisreportcontainedseriouscriticismsofthefinancedirector,andbyextension,oftheentiremanagement.

他的报告包括对财政主任的严厉批评，当然，也批评了整个管理层。

economics:

1）（sing.）thestudyofthewayinwhichmoneyandgoodsareproducedandused经济学

HeisstudyingeconomicsatManchesterUniversity.

他在曼彻斯特大学读经济学。

Mysisterdecidedtochooseeconomicsashermajor.

我妹妹决定读经济学专业。

2）（pl.）wayinwhichmoneyinfluenceswhetheraplan,business,etc.willworkeffectively经济情况；

经济因素；

经济意义

Theeconomicsoftheschemewillhavetobelookedatverycarefully.

这项计划的经济因素须认真考虑。

Thesimpleeconomicsofthecasesareeasytoexplain.

这一问题的基本经济状况很容易解释。

Thenewdevelopmentsradicallychangedtheeconomicsofthenewspaperindustry.

这些新发展从根本上改变了报业的经济状况。

rear:

vt.bringupandeducate（children）抚养，养育；

培养（子女）

Heputforwardmanyscientificmethodsofrearingchildren.

他提出很多科学的育儿方法。

Itisfarfromeasyforaneighty-year-oldgrandmat