室内环境监测系统外文文献Word文件下载.docx

室内环境监测系统外文文献Word文件下载.docx

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Author:

XiuWenFu,WenfengLi,LinYang

Asanewnetworktechnology,wirelesssensornetworks（WSN）arewidelyusedinvariousemergencyeventsbecauseoftheirstronglocalcooperativesensingandtheabilitytointerpretdatafromtheenvironment.Inthispaper,weproposeafirealarmsystemcalledfirealarmingsystemindoorenvironment（fasie）,whichinnovativelyintegrateswirelessfirealarmnetworkwithhandfireextinguishingrescuesupportsystem.Unliketraditionalwirelesssensornetworksthatimplementfirenetworks,thefasieisabletofireintofire,includingfirealarms,providingfullrangeofservices,firerescuingandFirefighterpositioning.InordertoexplainFaheybetter,wefirstgiveageneraldescriptionoffasieandintroducethearchitectureofthesystem.Then,thehardwareandsystemperformanceareintroduced.

Keywords:

WirelessSensorNetworks（WSN）,indoorenvironment,firealarmsystem,handheldfirerescuesupportsystem

1Introduction

Withthenewmanufacturingandintegrationtechnology,reducethecost,thesizeofthewirelesssensor,wehavewitnessedanotherrevolution,isconducivetothecontrolandobservationofourlifeandthephysicalworld,asthenetworktechnologytodo,microsensorsconnectedtoeachindividualandorganizationdeeplyembeddedintothephysicalenvironmentofinformationexchangenetworkwecanobservewiththeenvironmentandinaloyal,previouslynotreal-timehuman-computerinteraction.Asoneofthemostinfluentialaspectsoffireprotectionapplications,publicsafetyactivitieshavealsoachievedsignificantbenefitsintheemergenceofwirelesssensornetworksandtheirfurtherdevelopmentin[2].Inthispaper,weproposeawirelessfirealarmsystemfirealarmsystemforindoorenvironment（fasie）themaincontributionistheintroductionofthewirelessnetworkandhandheldfirealarmfirerescuefirealarmandrescuesupportsystemtoprovidecomprehensivetechnicalsupport.

Therestofthisarticleisorganizedasfollows.Section51.2describesthestate-of-the-artofexistingfirealarmsystems.Inthe51.3section,fasieisintroducedfromthepointofviewofsystemcompositionandfunction.The51.4sectiondescribesthefasielayeredarchitecture.The51.5sectionintroducesthekeyhardwareoffasie.The51.6partanalyzestheperformanceoffasie.Finally,conclusionsandfutureworkarepresentedinsect.51.7.

2relatedwork

Becausewirelesssensornetworkshavegreatpotentialinthefieldoffireprotection,manyfireprotectionsystemshavebeendevelopedbasedonWSN.Butinmostcases,theonlypurposeofthenetworkistoobtainenvironmentaldata,whicharecollectedanddisplayedinabasestation,storedinadatabase,orsenttoaremotelocation[3,4].Here,severalrepresentativeproposalsdifferfromthetraditionalparadigmasfollows:

（1）CFFDRS[5]isaforestfirethathasbeenextensivelyimplementedintheUnitedStatesandnewzealand.Themaincomponentofthesystemisthefireweatherindex（FWD）,andthisindexisthekeymeteorologicalelementthroughthefire,suchastemperature,evaluationofrelativehumidity,windspeedandprecipitation.TheacquisitionofCFFDRSinformationreliesonwirelesssensornodesdeployedinthousandsofforestedareas.TheCFFDRSmonitoringnetworkcollectsvariousinformation（e.g.,temperature,windspeed,andhumidity）.Thebasestationofthemonitoringnetworkprovidesenvironmentalinformationdirectlytotheremoteserver.

（2）scier[6]isacomprehensivesystemforthedetection,monitoringandpredictionofnaturaldisasters.Scier'

stargetapplicationsareurbanandruralareas.Theuniquecomponentinscieristhelocalalarmcontrolunit,usedtocontrolthewirelesssensornetwork（WSN）andisresponsiblefortheearlydetection,locationandsubsequentfirealarmfunctionofthefire.Scierdevelopswirelesssensornodesintwodifferenturbanandruralareas:

citizens,masters,publicsensors,sensors.Thecitizensoftheowners,sensors,andsensorsofpublicownership,sensors,andinstallationsaredifferent,dependingontheirapplicationscenarios.

（3）Eidos[7]isacomprehensivesystemincludingalarm,firealarmandrescue.Themaincomponentofthesystemisanetworkcomposedofthousandsofsensornodes,deployedinthefieldofunmannedaerialvehicles（UAV）.Anotherkeyelementofthesystemisthehandhelddevicethatfirefighterscarry.Thenetworkisresponsibleformonitoringthemonitoringareaandsendingenvironmentalinformationtoremoteservers.Handhelddevicesareintegratedwithlightweightbrowsersthathaveaccesstoremotedatabasesordatacenters.Insummary,althoughthesystemhasexperiencedsignificantimprovementcomparedwiththetraditionalcases,mostofthemonlyfocusontherealizationofsingleprofessionalfirealarmnetworkorfirerescuesupportnetwork,resultingininabilitytoundertakemorecomplextasks.Toacertainextent,theydowastealotofresources.Therefore,thefasieaimstoprovidemorecomprehensiveservicesforfireprotectionactivities,includingfiremonitoring,firefighting,rescueandfirepersonnelpositioning.

3systemintroduction

Thefasiesystemconsistsoftwocomponentapplicationarchitectures:

awirelessfirealarmnetworkandahandheldfirerescuesupportsystem.Wirelessfirealarmnetworksaredeployedbyhundredsofwirelesssensornodesinbuildingsandotherapplicationscenarios.Sincewirelesssensornodeshavespecializedapplicationsinfirescenarios,eachnodeisencapsulatedinfireprotectionpackage.WithWSNforestmonitoring,themainapplicationsoffasiearemainlyfocusedonindoorenvironmentalmonitoring.Therefore,thenodeisequippedwithtwopowermodules（batterymoduleandfixedpowermodule）.Whenthefirehappens,thewirelessfirealarmnetworkcandetectthefireatonceandsendoutalarminformationtothebasestation.Infasie,thebasestationisasmallhigh-performanceembeddedsystemwithtwocommunicationinterfaces（suchasWi-Fiand3G）,whichcanbedeployedeasily.Whenthebasestationreceivesthealarminformation,thealarminformationisforwardedtothemonitoringplatformthroughtheWi-Fi,andcorrespondingevacuationandcallservicedecisionsaremadeaccordingtothereceivedinformation.AkeyelementofthehandheldfirerescuesupportsysteminFASIEisuniquefeaturesthatcandistinguishthissystemfromotherexistingsupportsystemsforfireprotection.Ahandheldfirerescuesystemconsistsoftwodevices:

afirePDAandawirelesssensornodewithaBluetoothinterface.PortablewirelesssensornodescanshareinformationwithPDAviaBluetoothinterface.Information（suchasRSSIandLQI）isdynamicallyselforganized.Throughtheindoorenvironmentlocationalgorithm,PDAcanaccesstheaccuratelocationoffirefightersandnotifythesupervisionplatformthroughthe3Gnetwork.Inadditiontoindoorlocationservices,thehandheldfirerescuesystemalsoincludesoutdoorlocationservicesandhealthstatusmonitoring.WiththesupportoftheGPSchipwithinthePDA,thePDAisabletoaccesstheexactlocationandcanprovidegreathelptofireequipmentandcrewscheduling.Becauseoftheintegrationofmultiplesensorsforportablewirelesssensornodes,wirelesssensornodesareabletosensetheambientenvironmentandmonitorthephysicalparametersofthefirefighters.Throughthe3Gnetwork,themonitoringcentercanmonitorthefirefighter'

shealthandsurroundingconditions.Whenthefirefightersareindanger,supervisetheplatformandorganizerescueimmediately.Inaddition,sincethehandheldfirealarmingsystemisalightweightbrowserintegration,firefighterscanaccessremotedatabasesthroughWebservices.

4TierArchitecture

Inordertoimprovetheversatility,flexibilityandscalabilityofthesystem,thefasiedesignadoptsahierarchicalarchitecture,followedbytheopensysteminterconnectionreferencemodel（OSI）,andthe[8]isdividedintosixlayers.Fromtoptobottom,theyareapplicationlayer,forwardinglayer,assemblylayer,linkmanagementlayer,equipmentlayerandsensinglayer.

1.asthelowestlevelofthesystem,theperceptionlayerisresponsiblefortheenvironmentawarenessandinformationcollection.Ingeneral,thesensinglayercollectsenvironmentalinformationandinformationpassedtothedevicelayerviadatainterfaces（suchasSPIandPC）.Dependingonthedevice,thedatarelayedfromthesensorlayerisalsodifferent.Forwirelesssensornodes,sensinglayermainlyfusessmokeandtemperatureinformation.Forhandhelddevices,thesensorlayeralsoincludesphysicalparameterssuchasECGandbloodpressure,inadditiontotheenvironmentalparametersmentionedabove.Theselectionofsensoranddatainterfaceandtheconfigurationofsamplingratearethekeytechnologiesofsensorlayer.

2.thedevicelayeristhebasisofthesystem,andallclientorientedfunctionsmustbeimplementedthroughthislayer.Theresponsibilityforthedevicelayeristoprovidehardwaresupportforwirelesscommunicationsbetweendevices（suchasWi-Fi,ZigBee,andBluetooth）.Ingeneral,thedevicelayermainlyincludesgatewaydevices,anditscoretechnologyistorealizethesharingofinformation.Therearemanykindsofdevicesbetweendifferenttypesanddifferentdatainterfaces.

3.linkmanagementlayerplaysanimportantroleinnetworkselforganization,andisconsideredasthemaintechnicalbottleneckthathinderstheprogressofWSNresearch.Theresponsibilitiesofmanaginglinklayerincludeneighbordiscovery,authenticationandlinkestimationandself-organization.Infasie,whenanewd