语言学名词解释76830Word文档下载推荐.docx

语言学名词解释76830Word文档下载推荐.docx

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linguistPikesdistinctionofphoneticsandphonemics.Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunithratherthanviaqppealtotheinvestigator'

singenuithorintuitionalone.

5.synchronic:

akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixed

instant（usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent）,asitspointof

observation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.

6.diachronic:

studyofaIanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

7.prescriptive:

thestudyofaIanguageiscarriedthroughthecourseofitshistory.

8.prescriptive:

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsare

prescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforIanguageuse.

9.descriptive:

akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsarejustdescribed.

10.arbitrariness:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichrefersto

thefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.

11.duality:

onedesignfeatureofhumanIanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.Ievelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesof

organization.

12.displacement:

onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichmeanshumanIanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts

whicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.

13.phaticcommunion:

onefunctionofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothesocialinteractionofIanguage.

14.metalanguage:

certainkindsoflinguisticsignsortermsforthe

analysisanddescriptionofparticularstudies.

15.

studybetweenIanguageandsuchas

oflawandartificial

macrolinguisticsinclude

macrolinguistics:

heinteracting

Ianguage-relateddisciplines

psychology,sociology,ethnograph,scieneeintelligeneeetc.Branchesof

psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropological

linguistics,et

16.competenee:

Ianguageuser'

underlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.

17.performanee:

theactualuseofIanguageinconcretesituation.

18.Iangue:

thelinguisticcompeteneeofthespeaker.

19.parole:

theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics（utterances）.

20.Articulatoryphonetics:

thestudyofproductionofspeechsounds.

21.Coarticulation:

akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneous

oroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved..Coarticulationcanbefurtherdividedintoanticipatorycoarticulationandperseverative

coarticulation.

22.Voicing:

pronouncingasound（usuallyavoweloravoicedconsonant）byvibratingthevocalcords.

23.Broadandnarrowtranscription:

theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;

theuseofasimpleset

ofsymbolsintranscriptioniscalledbroadtranscription;

while,theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasnarrowtranscription.

24.Consonant:

aresoundsegmentsproducedbyeonstrictingor

obstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.

25.Phoneme:

theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeing

distinctiveinaparticularIanguage.

26.Allophone:

anyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme（eg.<

th>

isan

allophoneof/t/inEnglish.When/t/occursinwordslikestep,itis

unaspirated<

t>

.Both<

and<

areallophonesofthephoneme/t/.

27.Vowl:

aresoundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstruction,sonoturbuleneeofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.

28.Mannerofarticulation;

intheproductionofconsonants,mannerofarticulationreferstotheactualrelationshipbetweenthearticulators

andthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract.

29.Placeofarticulation:

intheproductionofconsonants,placeof

articulationreferstowhereinthevocaltractthereis

approximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.

30.Distinctivefeatures:

atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhich

distinguishesonephonemefromanother.

31.Complementarydistribution:

therelationbetweentowspeechsounds

thatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephoneme

areusuallyincomplementarydistribution.

32.IPA:

theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet,whichisdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1888thenithas

undergonganumberofrevisions.lPAisacomprisedsystememploying

symbolsofallsources,suchasRomansmallletters,italics

uprighted,obsoleteletters,Greekletters,diacritics,etc.

33.Suprasegmental:

suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeech

thatinvoIvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipal

supra-segmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,tone,,andintonation.

34.Suprasegmental:

aspectsofspeechthatinvoIvemorethansinglesound

segments.Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesare

syllable,stress,tone,andintonation.

35.morpheme:

thesmallestunitofIanguageintermsofrelationship

betweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthe

meaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

36.compoundolymorphemicwordswhichconsistwhollyoffree

morphemes,suchasclassroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.

37.inflection:

themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthrough

theadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchas

number,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethe

grammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.

38.affix:

thecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme（therootorstem）.

39.derivation:

differentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelation

betweenrootsandaffixes.

40.root:

thebasefromofawordthatcannotfurtherbeanalyzedwithouttotallassofidentity.

41.allomorph:

;

anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Forexample,in

Englishthepluralmorthemeisbutitispronounceddifferentlyindifferentenvironmentsas/s/incats,as/z/indogsandas/iz/inclasses.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/areallallomorphsofthepluralmorpheme.

42.Stem:

anymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichan

inflectionalaffixcanbeadded.

43.boundmorpheme:

anelementofmeaningwhichisstructurallydependent

ontheworlditisaddedto,e.g.thepluralmorphemein“og'

s”.

44.freemorpheme:

anelementofmeaningwhichtakestheformofanindependentword.

45.lexeme:

Aseparateunitofmeaning,usuallyintheformofaword（e.g.”doginthemanger”

46.lexicon:

alistofallthewordsinaIanguageassignedtovariouslexicalcategoriesandprovidedwithsemanticinterpretation.

47.grammaticalword:

wordexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchconjunction,prepositions,articlesandpronouns.

48.lexicalword:

wordhavinglexicalmeanings,thatis,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andverbs.

49.open-class:

awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteor

unlimited,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbs.

50.blending:

arelativelycomplexformofcompounding,inwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinal

partofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.

51.loanvoord:

aprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightadaptation,insomecases,toehphonologicalsystemofthe

newIanguagethattheyenter.

52.loanblend:

aprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandpart

isborrowed,butthemeaningisfullyborrowed.

53.leanshift:

aprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed,buttheformisnative.

54.acronym:

ismadeupformthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.

55.loss:

thedisappearaneeoftheverysoundasamorphemeinthephonologicalsystem.

56.back-formation:

anabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongformalready

intheIanguage.

57.assimilation:

thechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceof

anadjacentsound,whichismorespecifically

called.”ontact”or”contiguous”assimilation.

58.dissimilation:

theinfluenceexercised.Byonesoundsegmentuponthe

articulationofanother,sothatthesoundsbecomelessalike,ordifferent.

59.folketymology:

achangeinformofawordorphrase,resultingfrom

anincorrectpopularnationoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfrom

theinfluenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous

60.category:

partsofspeechandfunction,suchastheclassificationof

wordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoftermsofparts

ofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionsofwordsinter