自考英语本科《英美文学选读》美国现代时期一天全掌握Word文件下载.docx

自考英语本科《英美文学选读》美国现代时期一天全掌握Word文件下载.docx

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荒原"

意识在美国20世纪文学中的反映

《地铁站一瞥》《盟约》《河商的妻子》：

主题、意象、语言

弗洛斯特的自然诗

《摘苹果后》《未选择的路》《雪夜停马在林边》：

主题、象征与比喻、语言

《毛猿》第八场：

主题结构、表现主义和象征主义手

《了不起的盖茨比》第三章：

主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格

age:

secondhalfofthe19thcenturytoearlydecadesofthe20thcentury

background:

（1）theU.S.hasbecomethemostpowerfulcountry

（2）technologicalrevolution

（3）adeclineinmoralstandard,aspiritualwasteland,feelingsoffear,loss,disorientationanddisillusionment

influencingideas:

（1）thesameasEnglishModernperiod:

KarlMarx,Darwin,Freud

（2）streamofconsciousness:

modernism'

sfeatures:

literature:

conveyavisionofsocialbreakdownandmoraldecay

writer:

developtechniquesthatcouldrepresentabreakwiththepast.modernisticworksarediscontinuityandfragmentation

ThedifferencesbetweenModernismAmericaandEngland

（1）Americanwritersemphasizetheconcretesensoryimagesordetailsasthedirectconveyorofexperience

（2）modernfictionemploythefirstnarrationorconfinethereadertothe"

centralconsciousness"

oronecharacter‘spointofview

commonground:

directness,compression,vividness,sparingofwords

Theideaof“seizetheday”or“enjoythepresent”waspervasive,asopposedtoplacingallhopeinthefuture.“

及时行乐”的思想十分横行，他们不把希望寄托在将来。

ThemostrecognizableliterarymovementthatgaverisetothetwentiethcenturyAmericanliterature,orwemaysay,thesecondAmericanRenaissance,istheexpatriatemovement.

美国20世纪的文学运动，也可说是美国第二次文艺复兴，就是移居国外的运动。

ThesewriterswerelaternamedbyanAmericanwriter,GertrudeStein,alsoanexpatriate,“TheLostGeneration”.（why）---Disillusionedanddisgustedbythefrivolousgreedy,andheedlesswayoflifeinAmerica,theybegantowriteandtheywrotefromtheirownexperiencesinthewar.

这些作家后来被美国作家斯坦恩称为“迷惘的一代”（原因）--由于他们已厌倦美国那种轻浮，贪婪的生活，于是开始动手写下他们的战争经历。

EzraPound’sroleasaleadingspokesmanoffamousImagistMovementinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.

庞德在美国文学史上意象派运动中是个重要的人物。

F.ScottFitzgerald,ErnestHemingway,andWilliamFaulknerareconsideredtobethemastersinthefieldofAmericanfiction.

费兹杰拉德，海明威和福克纳被认为是美国小说大师。

O’Neillisrememberedforhistragicviewoflifeandmostofhisplaysareabouttheroot,thetruthofhumandesiresandhumanfrustrations.

奥尼尔以对生活的悲剧性观点而著称。

他的大多数剧本都是有关人类欲望和挫折根本原因的。

J.D.Salinger’sTheCatcherintheRyeisregardedasastudents’classic

.塞林杰的《麦田里的守望者》被认为是学生的经典作品。

Ingeneralterms,muchseriousliteraturewrittenfrom1912onwardsattemptedtoconveyavisionofsocialbreakdownandmoraldecayandthewriter’staskwastodeveloptechniquesthatcouldrepresentabreakwiththepast.Thus,thedefiningformalcharacteristicsofthemodernisticworksarediscontinuityandfragmentation.

总之，1912年以后许多严肃文学都力图表达社会崩溃，道德沦丧的观点，作家也使用新技巧，告别老传统。

Atypicalmodernworkwillseemtobeginarbitrarily,toadvancewithoutexplanation,andtoendwithoutresolution.

现代文学的典型特征是开端任意，发展不做解释以及没有结果的收场。

Thereareshiftsinperspective,voice,andtone,butthebiggestshiftisfromtheexternaltointernal,fromthepublictotheprivate,fromthechronologicaltothepsychic,fromtheobjectivedescriptiontothesubjectiveprojection.作品在现实，语气上较前有变化，其中最大的变化是从描写外部世界转到内部世界，从公众生活转到私生活描写，从时间线索转到以心理感觉为线索，从客观描述转到主观渲染。

Traditionalfictionfeaturedanauthoritativenarratorintellingastory,whilemodernfictiontendedtoemploythefirstpersonnarrationorlimitthereadertothe“centralconsciousness”oronecharacter’spointofview.传统小说强调叙述的人物的权威性和可信性，而现代小说叙述的总是用第一人称，或者把读者限制到“中心的意识”上或以一个人物的视线进行叙述。

有关的习题：

AnalyzethebackgroundoftheModernPeriod.

（1）TheU.S.participatedinTheFirstWorldWarmarkedacrucialstageinthenation’sevolution/developmenttoaworldpower.

（2）ThetechnologyhasbroughtaboutgreatchangesinthelifeoftheAmericanpeople.（P544）

Theideologyanalysesaboutthepeopleandespeciallytheauthors.

（Theideologyanalysisof"

TheLostGeneration）

（1）Peoplebecamelesscertainaboutwhatmightariseinthischangingworldandmorecynicalaboutacceptedstandardsofhonestyandmorality.Theideaof"

seizetheday"

or"

enjoythepresent"

waspervasive.

（2）Therewasadeclineinmoralstandardandthefirstfewdecadesofthetwentiethcenturywasdescribedasaspiritualwasteland.Thecensor/standardofagreatcivilizationbeingdestroyedordestroyingitself,socialbreakdown,andindividualpowerlessnessandhopelessnessbecamepartoftheAmericanexperienceasaresultoftheFirstWorldWar,withresultingfeelingsoffear,loss,disorientationanddisillusionment.

（3）Disillusionedanddisgustedbythefrivolous,greedy,andheedlesswayoflifeinAmerica,theybegantowriteandtheywrotefromtheirownexperienceinthewar.

（4）Thesenseoflossanddespairprevailsamongthepost-wargenerationwhoarephysicallyandpsychologicallyscarred;

FaulknercreateshisownmythicalkingdomthatmirrorsnotonlythedeclineoftheSouthernsocietybutalsothespiritualwastelandofthewholeAmericansociety.

（5）Theworldisevenmoredisintegratingandfragmentaryandpeopleareevenmoreestrangedanddespondent.

（6）ThesewriterssharedalmostthesamebeliefthathumanbeingsaretrappedinameaninglessworldandthatneitherGodnormancanmakesenseofthehumancondition.

（7）Ingeneralterms,muchseriousliteraturewrittenfrom1912onwardsattemptedtoconveyavisionofsocialbreakdownandmoraldecayandthewriter’staskwastodeveloptechniquesthatcouldrepresentabreakwiththepast.（P545-552）

ListsomecharacteristicwritersyouknowintheModernism.

（1）Thespiritoffrivolityandcarelessnessisbroughtvividlytolifein"

TheGreatGatsby"

（1925）.

（2）Faulkner’sfootstepsinportrayingthedecadenceandevilintheSouthernsocietyinaGothicmanner.

（3）Salingerisconsideredtobeaspokesmanforthealienatedyouthinthepost-wareraandhisTheCatcherintheRyeisregardedasastudents’classic.

（4）O’Neillisrememberedforhistragicviewoflifeandmostofhisplaysareabouttheroot,thetruthofhumandesiresandhumanfrustration.（P548---549）

Whatarethestylesofthemodernistsinwriting?

（1）Thedefiningformalcharacteristicsofthemodernisticworksdiscontinuityandfragmentation.

（2）Thebiggestshiftisfromtheexternaltotheinternal,fromthepublictotheprivate,fromthechronologicaltothepsychic,fromtheobjectivedescriptiontothesubjectiveprojection.

（3）ModernAmericanwritersingeneralemphasizetheconcretesensoryimagesordetailsasthedirectconveyerofexperience.

（4）Theirlanguageisdirect,compressive,vividandsparingofwords.

（5）Modernfictiontendedtoemploythefirstpersonnarrationorlimitthereadertothe"

oronecharacter’spointofview.Thislimitationaccordedwiththemodernisticvisionthattruthdoesnotexistobjectivelybutistheproductofapersonalinteractionwithreality.（P552---553）

SometheoriesandideologiesinfluencedtheModernists,whatarethey?

（1）Darwinism;

（2）KarlMarx’sscientificsocialism;

（3）Freud’s"

unconsciousness"

andpsychoanalysis;

（4）WilliamJames’"

streamofconsciousness"

;

（5）CarlJune’s"

collectiveunconscious"

"

archetypalsymble"

.（P546）

EzraPound埃兹拉.庞德

Beforegraduatingfromuniversity,hehadmasteredninelanguage.

大学毕业前已掌握了九门语言。

Pound’spoeticworksincludetwelvevolumesofversewhichwerelatercollectedandpublishedinCollectedEarlyPoemsofEzraPound,andPersonae.庞德的诗作包括十二卷诗集，后以《埃兹拉.庞德早期诗集》，《人物》的书名出版。

“ThepointofImagism”,Poundwrotein1914,“isthatitdoesnotuseimagesasornaments.Theimageitselfisthespeech.Theimageisthewordbeyondformulatedlanguage”.庞德曾于1914年写道：

“意象主义的实质是意象不是装饰，意象本身就是语言。

意象是超语言形式的词汇”。

Thepoet,heargued,cannotrelateadelightfulpsychicexperiencebyspeakingoutdirectlyinthefirstperson:

hemust“screenhimself”andspeakindirectlythroughanimpersonalandobjectivestory,whichisusuallyamythorapieceoftheearlierliterature,ora“mask”,thatis,apersona.他认为，诗人不能直接用第一人称叙述心理感受，必须“把自己笼罩起来”，通过客观的非人格化的故事间接说话，那就是神话或文学典故。

EzraPound'

scontributiontoAmericanliterature:

PoundwasoneofthemostimportantpoetsandcriticsofhistimeandhewasregardedasthefatherofmodernAmericanpoetry.Heisaleadingspokesmanofthe"

ImagistMovement"

whichthoughshort-lived,hadatremendousinfluenceonmodernpoetry.

Poundendorsedthegroup’sthreemainprinciples：

庞德提出诗歌改革的三个原则：

1.directtreatmentofpoeticsubjects,直接处理诗歌主题；

2.eliminationofmerelyornamentalorsuperfluouswords,舍去装饰浮华的词藻；

3.andrhythmicalcompositioninthesequenceofthemusicalphraseratherthaninthesequenceofametronome.诗歌应有有机节奏，不要单词重复。

spoeticsubjectsorthemes:

Pound’searlierpoetryissaturatedwiththefamiliarpoeticsubjectsthatcharacterizethe19thcenturyRomanticism:

songsinpraiseofalady,songsconcerningthepoet’scraft,loveandfriendship,death,thetransienceofbeautyandthepermanenceofart.

庞德的早期诗歌充满表现19世纪浪漫主义特色的为人熟知的诗题：

歌颂女性，有关诗人自己的诗，爱情与友谊，死亡，美丽的易逝和艺术的常青。

Laterheismoreconcernedabouttheproblemsofthemodernculture:

thecontemporaryculturaldecayandthepossiblesourcesofculturalrenewalaswell.Takehisepicpoem,TheCantos,forexample.Poundtracestheriseandfallofeasternandwesternempires,themoralandsocialchaosofthemodernworld,especiallythecorruptionof