高中英语Unit1SchoolLifeGrammarandUsage1Word格式.docx
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2）引导定语从句；
3）在定语从句中担当一个成分。
例如：
Thecarwhichmyunclehadjustboughtwasdestroyedintheearthquake.句中，thecar为先行词；
which是关系词引导是定语从句whichmyunclehadjustbought，同时代替先行词thecar在定语从句中作主语。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语。
Thenumberofpeoplewholosthomesreachedasmanyas250,000.
In1519anothertravelerwhowenttoAmericafromEuropediscoveredtomatoes.
ThepetitorwhowonthemostgoldmedalswasDavidBeckham.
2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。
Theboy（whom）theteacheroftenpraisesistheirmonitor.
ThepersonwhomyoushouldaskisMr.Ball.
TheathletewhomIlikedmostwasCarlLewis.
Theboy（who／whom／that／）wesawyesterdaywasJohn'
sbrother.
3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略。
FruittreeswhichoncegrewonlyinChinacanbefoundinmanypartsoftheworld.
Thegoldmedalwhichshewonhasbeengiventoheroldschool.
4.that指人时，相当于who或whom；
指物时，相当于which。
在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
ThewomanthatIreadaboutinthenewspaperhasjustwonagoldmedal.
Cornisaveryusefulplantthatcanbepreparedinmanydifferentways.
ThereportthatMr.Turnerhandedinwasaboutthemotorrace.
5.whose通常指人，有时也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
Iknowthepersonwhosepanyproducesputers.
Thisisthepersonwhosestorysurprisedeverybody.
Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallen.
Note:
whose指物时，常用ofwhich结构来代替：
Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
Theclassroom,thedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.
三、关系副词引导的定语从句
1.when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn?
Thetimewhenmyfatherworkedwasahardtime.
ThereweretimeswhenIdidn’tknowwhattodo.
2.where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
ThisisthecitywhereIwasborn.
Hehelpedhisfatheronthesmallfarmwheretheylived.
Thefarmwherewepickedcottonwasninekilometersaway.
3.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
Thesearethereasonswhywedoit.
Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.
注意：
关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。
如：
I’llneverforgetthedaywhen／onwhichIjoinedthearmy.
Kentuckyisthestatewhere／inwhichLincolnwasborn.
Thereasonwhy／forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.
四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
1.限制性定语从句在形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如去掉,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。
翻译时译成先行词的定语“……的”。
Herbrotherwhoisnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege.
Allthebooksthathavepicturesinthemarewellwritten.
2.非限制性定语从句在形式上用逗号“，”与主句隔开，是对先行词意义的补充说明，如去掉，主句仍能表达完整的意思，通常译成主句的并列句。
Herbrother，whoisnowasoldier，alwaysencourageshertogotocollege.
Allthebooks，whichhavepicturesinthem，arewellwritten.
3.关系词的使用：
1）关系词作宾语在限制性定语从句中可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。
2）限制性定语从句可用that引导,而非限制性定语从句不用that引导。
3）在限制性定从句中可用who代替whom，而在非限制性定语从句中不可用who代替whom。
Thebook（that／which）IboughtyesterdayisHarryPotterandtheOrderofPhoenix.
Thebook，whichlboughtyesterday，isHarryPotterandtheOrderofPhoenix.
Theengineer（who／whom／that）Imetintheofficeworkedveryhard.
Theengineer，whomImetintheoffice，workedveryhard.
Hismother，wholoveshimverymuch，isstrictwithhim.
五、特别提示
1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词要和先行词的性、数保持一致。
ThisisoneofthebookswhichwerewrittenbyCharlesDickens.
HeistheonlyoneoftheboysinourclasswhohaslearnedFrench.
which和as引导非限制性定语从句时，有时并没有特定的先行词，而是代表前面说的整个情况。
这时which和as被看作单数，译作“这一点”，其后的谓语动形式用单数形式。
HesaidhewasaFrenchman，which／aswasnottrue.
但须注意，as引导的这种定语从句可置于主句之前，which引导的这种定语从句只置于主句之后。
Asisknowntoall，Chinaisasocialistcountry.Chinaisasocialistcountry,as/whichisknowntoall.
2.介词+关系代词
1）根据动词选择介词。
Idon’tknowtheforeignerwithwhommyteachershookhands.（或Idon’tknowtheforeignerwhommyteachershookhandswith.）
who和that不能直接位于介词后作宾语；
有的短语动词是不能拆开的，常见的这类短语有：
lookfor，lookafter等。
ThisisthepencilthatMaLiliislookingfor.（R）
ThisisthepencilforwhichMaLiliislooking.（W）
2）根据先行词选择介词。
介词和先行词之间构成习惯搭配，介词一般位于关系代词之前，和从句中的动词不存在逻辑或意义上的关系。
Hestoodbythewindow，throughwhichhecouldseewhatwashappeningoutside.（thewindow是介词through的逻辑宾语）
3）介词+关系代词有时可转换为关系副词when，why，where等。
Thisisthehouseinwhich/whereChairmanMaooncelived.
Everyoneknowsthereasonforwhich/whytheHighDamwasbuilt.
Istillrememberthedayonwhich/whenwevisitedthetemple.
3.选用定语从句的关系词时，要看先行词在从句中充当什么成分。
Theeveningthatpeoplespentsingingandplayingmusicwasexciting.（不用when，因为先行词在从句中充当spent的宾语。
）
Thereasonthathetoldusisunbelievable.（不用why，因为先行词在从句中充当told的宾语。
TheislandsofBritainthatwevisitedlastyeararemadeupoffourparts.（不用where，因为先行词在从句中充当visited的宾语。
）
4.被关系词所代替的部分不可在从句中复现。
Thefactorywhereheworksthereisalargeone.（应去掉there）
ThisisthefactorywhichwevisiteditlastSunday.（应去掉it）
5.常用that引导定语从句的情况：
1）当先行词中有“人”又有“物”时，关系词用that不用which。
Theyaretalkingaboutthefactory，theleadersandtheworkersthattheyvisitedyesterday.
WemeetuponthelastFridayofeverymonthtotalkaboutpoemsandpoetsthatwelike.
Theyoftentalkabouttheworksandthewritersthatinterestthem.
Thehouseanditsownersthatyoumentionedjustnowarewhat1wanttoknowabout.
2）先行词本身是all,few，little，much，any，everything，anything，nothing等不定代词时，关系词多用that。
Don’tthrowawayanythingthatmaybeofsomeuse.
3）先行词指“人”或“物”，并被形容词最高级、序数词或all，no,any，every，little，much,little,theonly，thevery等修饰时通常用that引导定语从句。
ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatIhaveeverseen.
Thisisthefirststepthatweshouldtake.
Youaretheverymanthatcandothejobwell.
Maryistheonlygirlthatlikesplayingfootball.
Everyonewho/thatknowshimthinkshighlyofhim.
Nobodythat/whohasbeentherewilleverforgetthebeautyoftheplace.
Thosewho/thatwanttogoraiseyourhandsplease.
Allthatmustbedonehasbeendone.
Ireadsomethingintoday’smorningpaper（that/which）youmaybeinterestedin.
II.Languagepoints
1.HehasrecentlyreturnedfromhisstudiesinChina.他最近刚从中国学习回来。
（p9）
recently
adv.notlongago;
lately:
HaveyouseenAnnerecently?
Ihavenotbeensleptwellrecently.-Whendidyouarrive?
-Recently.Myfriend，Herbert，hasalwaysbeenfat，butthingsgotsobadrecentlythathedecidedtogoonadiet.
study
n.1）theactofstudyingoneormoresubjects:
Studentsnowhavetospendmuchmoretimeinstudyeveryday.2）asubjectstudied（oftenpl.）:
Hewentabroadtofurtherhisstudies.You’vegottogivetimetoyourstudies.你得在学业上下功夫。
Biotechnologyisanewstudy.3）athoroughenquiryinto,esp.includingapieceofwritingon,aparticularsubject:
ShehasmadeastudyofShakespeare’splays.4）aroomusedforstudyingandwork:
Hewasreadinginhisstudy.
2.Davidwasoneofthemosthelpfulstudentsthatweeverhad.（p9）大卫是我们这儿最愿意助人为乐的学生之一。
that引导定语从句，修饰students，若在oneof前加theonly，则定语从句修饰one，从句的谓语动词需用单数。
①Sheisoneofthefewgirlswhohavepassedtheexamination.
②Mr.Herreistheonlyoneoftheforeignexpertswhoworksinthepany.
相关高考试题（xx上海春招）
Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoawinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.
A.areB.havebeenC.isD.hasbeen
解析：
因句中有theonly，所以定语从句修饰one，又因从句的时间状语是forthreeyears，
所以需用完成时态。
答案：
D
3.Uponfinishinghisstudies，hestartedtravellinginChina.（p9）一完成学业，他就开始在中国旅行。
Uponfinishing…＝Assoonashefinished…，upon也可换成on，意为“一……就……”。
①Onreachingthecity，hecalledupLester.
②IshallwritetoA.P.Wattonhearingfromyou.
③Onhisarrivalhewentstraighttotheheadmaster.
④Uponhisreturntohishometown，hewenttoworkinthefields.
4.InChinahedevelopedaninterestinteachingEnglish.（p9）在中国他对教英语产生了兴趣。
develop
v.1）（fromorinto）to（causeto）grow,increase,orbeelargerormoreplete:
Wearedevelopingnuclearweaponstodoawaywithnuclearweapons.Ihavedevelopedaninterestinhistory.2）tostudyorthinkoutfully,orpresentfully:
I’dliketodevelopthisideaalittlemorefullybeforeIgoontomynextpoint.3）（inphotography）to（causeto）appearonafilmorphotographicpaper:
I’dliketohavethesefilmsdevelopedhere.4）tobringouttheeconomicpossibilitiesof:
Chinaisdevelopingthewest.Theagriculturalscientistdevelopedaheavierrice.
developing发展中的developed发达的developmentn.发展
5.ThepaintingsthatDaviddonatedtotheschoolarebeingdisplayedintheassemblyhall.（p9）大卫捐给学校的图画正在会厅展出。
arebeingdisplayed是被动语态的进行时，表示正在发生的被动动作Themeetingisbeingheldinthehallandyoucangotoattendit.Don’tworry．Thechildrenarebeingtakengoodcareof.
相关高考试题（xx春招）
Anewcinemahere.Theyhopetofinishitnextmonth.
A.willbebuiltB.isbuiltC.hasbeenbuiltD.isbeingbuilt
从题意看出，电影院正在建设中，所以用被动语态的进行时。
答案：
6.HewillmakeaspeechabouthisexperiencesinChina.（p9）他要就他在中国的经历做一个演讲。
speech
n.1）theactorpowerofspeaking;
spokenlanguage:
Theillnessdeprivedhimofthepowerofspeech.Speechisimpossiblewithsomuchnoisearound.Speechissilver，silenceisgold.2）anactofspeakingformallytoagroupoflisteners:
Hegaveaspeechonpeace.Thechairmanwillmakeaclosingspeech.3）thewordssospoken演说词Theminister’sspeechwassenttothenewspapersinadvance.
makeanadvance进步，长进makeacall打电话makeachange改变
makeanexcuse找借口makeanexperiment做实makeaface／faces做鬼脸makefriends交朋友makeadiscovery发现makeajoke说笑话
makeajourney旅行makeamistake犯错makeachoice选择
makeasearch搜查makeaturn转弯makeavisit拜访
7.Inattributiveclauses，thatandwhichareusedtorefertothings．（p10）
定语从句中，that和which用于指事物。
referto:
1）tomention;
speakabout:
Are
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