欧洲文化入门课后习题答案.doc

欧洲文化入门课后习题答案.doc

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欧洲文化入门课后习题答案：

Divisionone:

GreekcultureandRomanculture

希腊、罗马文化

Ⅰ.Greekculture希腊文化

1.WhatarethemajorelementsinEuropeanculture?

Therearetwomainelements——theGreco-RomanelementandtheJudeo-Christianelement.

2.WhatwerethemainfeaturesofancientGreeksociety?

InGreeksociety,onlyadultmalecitizenhadrealpowerandthecitizenshipwasasetofrightswhichamaninheritedfromhisfather.TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabor.Slavesworkedfortheirmasters.Theexploitationwasaserioussocialproblem.TheGreekslovedsports.TheyoftentookpartinthecontestsofsportsinOlympusMount,thusOlympicGamescameintobeing.

3.WhatdidHomerdo?

WhyisheimportantinthehistoryofEuropeanliterature?

HedepictedthegreatGreekmenwholivedintheperiod1200-1100B.C.andwarshappeningatthattime.Asanauthorofepics,heemployedfineliterarylanguagetodescribewarsandmen,eventhoughtheyweredull.HestoodinthepeekofGreekliteratureandexertedagreatinfluenceonhisfollowers.

4.WhoweretheoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece?

Whatimportantplaysdideachofthemwrite?

Aeschylus,SophoclesandEuripideswerethreeoutstandingdramatistsofancientGreece.

Aeschylus:

PrometheusBound,Persians,Agamemnon

Sophocles:

OedipustheKing,Electra,Antigone

Euripides:

Andromache,Medea,TrojanWomen

5.Weretherehistoriansthen?

Whowerethey?

Whatdideachofthemwriteabout?

Yes,thereare.TheywereHerodotusandThucydides.

HerodotuswroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.ThucydideswroteaboutthewarbetweenAthensandSpartaandbetweenAthensandSyracuse.

6.Wouldyousaythatphilosophywashighlydevelopedthen?

Whowerethemajorphilosophers?

No,Iwouldn’t.Becausethosephilosophicalideaswereonlyidealismorsimplematerialismormetaphysics.Socrates,PlatoandAristotlewerethemajorphilosophersatthattime.

7.DidSocrateswriteanybook?

Howthendoweknowabouthim?

Whatdistinguishedhisphilosophy?

No,hedidn’t.WeknowSocrateschieflythroughwhatPlatorecordedofhiminthefamousDialogueswrittenbyPlato.Heconsideredthatphilosophyrestedwiththedissectofoneselfandvirtuewashighworthoflife.Hismethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers,wasknownasthedialecticalmethod.

8.TellsomeofPlato’sideas.Whydopeoplecallhimanidealist?

（1）Menhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneral“ideas”,likebeauty,truth,andgoodness.

（2）Weshouldnotlookatthethingswhicharenotseen:

forthethingswhicharenotseeneternal.Becauseheemphasizedtheimportanceof“ideas”andbelievedthat“thought”hadcreatedtheworld,peoplecallhimanidealist.

9.InwhatimportantwayswasAristotledifferentfromPlato?

WhataresomeofAristotle’sworksthatarestillinfluentialtoday?

（1）Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlato’srelianceonsubjectivethinking.

（2）Hethoughtthat“idea”andmattertogethermadeconcreteindividualrealitiesinwhichhedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadhigherrealitythanthepoliticalworld.Hissignificantworksincludes:

Ethics,PoliticsandRhetoric.

10.Whoweresomeoftheotherphilosophersactiveinthatperiod?

Doestheword“Epicurean”initsmodernsenseconveythetruemeaningofthephilosophyoftheancientEpicureans?

Whatweretheirviewsonpleasure?

（1）TheywereHeracleitue,Democritus,Diogenes,Pyrrhon,EpicurusandZeno.

（2）No,itdoesn’t.TheancientEpicureansbelievedpleasuretobethehighestworthoflife,butbypleasuretheymeant,notsensualenjoymentbutthatattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.Butthisideawasmisledbymodernpeople,intheirsense,theword“Epicurean”hascometomeanindulgenceinluxuriousliving.

11.SaysomethingaboutGreeksculpture,potteryandarchitecture.WhatwasthemostfamousGreektemple?

Isitstillthere?

（1）AlongwiththeformationofGreekcivilization,Greeksculpture,potteryandarchitecturegotmanygreatachievements.Greeksputintoworksofartthethingstheyadmiredandworshiped,thescientificrulestheydiscovered.Greekartevolvedfromthearchaicperiodtotheclassicalperiodwhichmarkeditsmaturity.

（2）themostfamoustemplewastheAcropolisatAthens.（3）Yes,itisstillthere.

12.GivesomeexamplestoshowtheenormousinfluenceofGreekcultureonEnglishliterature.

Someexamples:

（1）AFreudianterm“OedipusComplex”of19thcenturyoriginatingfromaGreektragedyinwhichkingOedipusunknowinglykilledhisfatherandmarriedhismother.

（2）Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics:

Byron’sIsleofGreece,Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats’sOdeonaGrecianUrn.（3）Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrishmanJamesJoyce’smodernistmasterpieceUlysses.

Ⅱ.Romanculture罗马文化

1.WhatdidtheRomanhaveincommonwiththeGreeks?

Andwhatwasthechiefdifferencebetweenthem?

（1）TheRomanshadalotincommonwiththeGreeks.Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly,hostiletomonarchyandtoservility.Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeitiestobereadilyidentified—GreekZeuswithRomanJupiter,GreekAphroditewithRomanVenus,andsoon—andtheirmythstobefused.Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarwaysandwereultimatelyrelated,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilywhichstretchesfromBangladeshtoIceland.

（2）Therewasonebigdifference.TheRomansbuiltupavastempire.TheGreeksdidn’t,exceptedforthebriefmomentofAlexander’sconquests,whichsoondisintegrated.

2.ExplainPaxRomana.

Intheyear27B.C.,OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustus.Twocenturieslater,theRomanempirereacheditsgreatestextentintheNorthandEast.Theemperorsmainlyreliedonastrongarmy—thefamousRomanLegionsandaninfluentialbureaucracytoexerttheirrules.ThustheRomansenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelasting200years.ThisremarkablephenomenoninthehistoryisknownasPaxRomana.

3.WhatcontributionsdidtheRomansmaketotheruleoflaw?

InRoman’searlieststage,onlyanumberofpatriciansknewthecustomarylegalprocedure.WhentheruleswereputintowritinginthemiddleofthethirdcenturyB.C.itmarkedavictoryfortheplebeians.Therewasfurtherdevelopmentoflawundertheemperorsuntilitwascodified,eventuallytobecomethecoreofmoderncivilandcommerciallawinmanyWesterncountries.

4.WhoweretheimportantprosewritersinancientRome?

Whatdoes“Ciceronian”mean?

DidCicerowritethatkindofrhetoricalproseallthetime?

<1>MarcusTulliusCiceroandJuliusCaesarweretwoimportantprosewriters.<2>CiceronianmeansCicero’seloquentoratoricalmannerofwriting,WhichhashadanenormousinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.<3>No,hedidn’t.BecauseCiceroappearsasadifferentmanwithadifferentstyle,farlessrhetorical,butcolloquialandintimate.

5.GivetheexampleofthetersestyleofJuliusCaesar’sprose.

Anexample:

Icame,Isaw,Iconquered（modelsofsuccinctLatin）.

6.WhowasLucretius?

Whatdidhedo?

（1）LucretiuswasapoetofancientRome.

（2）HewrotethephilosophicalpoemOntheNatureofThingtoexpoundtheideasofEpicurustheGreekatomist.

7.WhatisthebookforwhichVirgilhasbeenfamousthroughoutthecountries?

InwhatwaysisthebooklinkedwiththeGreekpast?

（1）ThebookwasAeneid.

（2）ThestorywasaboutAeneas,oneoftheprincesofTroy,whoescapedfromthatburningcitywhenitfelltotheGreeks,tocarryontheTrojancauseinanewplace,Rome.Hedidn’tgoalone,but,carryinghisfatheronhisshouldersandleadinghislittlesonbythehand,afamilygroupofthreegenerationsmovedtogether.ThusinthiswaythebookislinkedwiththeGreekpast.

8.WhydowesayAeneusisatrulytragichero?

BecauseAeneashadtobetraythegreatpassionofhislife,hisloveforDido,queenofCarthage,sothathecouldfulfillhishistoricmission.

9.WhatisthechiefRomanachievementinarchitecture?

Givesomeexamples.

（1）TheRomansweregreatengineers.Theycoveredtheirworldfromoneendtotheotherwithroads,bridges,aqueducts,theatresandarenas.

（2）Someexamples:

A.ThePantheon:

thegreatestthebestpreservedRomantemplebuiltin27B.C..

B.PontduGard:

itisanexceptionallywell-preservedaqueductthatspansawidevalleyinsouthernFrance.

10.Whyarethewall-paintingsoftheancientRomansstillsignificanttoustoday?

RomanpaintingwasstronglyinfluencedbytheartofGreece.Anditalsohadpecularitiesofitsown.Unfortunatelymuchofthepaintingnolongerexists.Thereare,however,somewall-paintingsfromPompeiiandothertownsnearNaples.Thesewall-paintingsincludestilllives,landscapepaintingsandfigurepaintings.AmongthemwereLadyMusicianandYoungGirl,theMaidenGatheringFlowersandtheLandscape.

Divisiontwo:

theBibleandChristianity

基督教及其《圣经》

1.WhatwastheHebrew’smajorcontributiontoworldcivilization?

ThehistoryoftheHebrewswashandeddownorallyfromonegenerationtoanotherintheformoffolktalesandstories,whichwererecordedlaterintheOldTestament,whichstilllaterbecamethefirstpartoftheChristianBible.ThustheHebrewsmadeoneofthegreatestcontributionstotheworldcivilization.

2.WhydowesayJudaismandChristianityarecloselyrelated?

JudaismandChristianityarecloselyrelated:

⑴itwastheJewishtraditionwhichgavebirthtoChristianity;⑵bothoriginatedinPales