英国文学简史笔记(完整版)Word文档格式.docx
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lInthesecondhalfofthe7thcentury,thefirstEnglishpoet,Caedmonbyname,begantosing.
lAnothercenturypassed,Beowulf.
lInthe9thcentury,KingAlfreddecidedthatliteratureshouldbewritteninthevernacular(方言)ofOldEnglish.
WiththearrivalofSt.Augustinein597ADandthesubsequentspreadofChristianinfluenceandclassicallearning,heathenpoetrywasmaneuveredoutofthescene.
latimeofintermingling(过渡时期)ofthepaganwiththeChristiancomponentsinpoetry.
l安格鲁撒克逊时期唯一完整的诗歌:
Beowulf:
1.ThenationalepicofEnglishpeople,apaganpoem
2.Anepicofwellover3000lines.
3.ThegreatestepiceverleftbytheancientGermanictribes.
4.ThemostancienteversincethedemiseoftheGreekandRomanliteratures.
5.TheonlyorganicwholepoemtocomeoutoftheAnglo-Saxonperiod.
6.ThestorytakesplaceinScandinavia,nomentionofEngland.
7.AngloSaxon’searlylifeinEngland
Theme:
Thepoemtellsthestoryofa6thcenturyhero,Beowulf.Itisbasicallyatwo-partnarrative——Beowulf’sfightwiththesea-monstersGrendelandhismotherinthefirstpart,andhiskillingafierydragonandhisdeathinthesecond.
1.humandesireforsomesuperpowertoconquernature.
2.greattraditionofrealism(现实主义传统)
Versification:
1.PaganstoryhasanChristianoverlay(覆盖物,表面).
(作诗法)ThemixtureofpaganandChristianelements
2.usingofkenning(一种描写手法)e.g.:
seaisoften“swan’sway”or“whale-path.
3.conspiciousoccurrenceofalliteration(头韵).
4.narratorofthepoem,the“I”isaminstrel/scop/gleeman(吟游诗人)
5.story’sdigressivemannerofnarration.
6.elevatedtone(提高的音调).
7.theuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements
Thenthepaganwassuperseded(超过)bythereligiousspirit,andminstrels(吟游诗人)gavewaytolearnedmen.
Caedmon(凯德蒙):
thefirstknownpoetinEnglishliteraryhistory.
TheEcclesiasticalHistoryofEngland(英格兰教会史)bythevenerableBede(比得).
欧洲最早的编年史:
Anglo-SaxonChronicle(编年史)foundedbyKingAlfredtheGreat(阿尔弗雷德大帝).
【Medieval(中世纪)Literature:
abriefintroduction】
1066NormanConquest:
markedthebeginningoftheMiddleEnglishorAnglo-Normanperiod.(1066-1400)
þ
In1066,____,withhisNormanarmy,succeededininvadinganddefeatingEngland.
A.WilliamtheConquerorB.JuliusCaesar
C.AlfredtheGreatD.Claudius
AftertheNormanConquest,threelanguagesexistedinEnglandatthattime.TheNormansspoke_____.
A.FrenchB.EnglishC.LatinD.Swedish
Thechangesandreplacementofdynastyandgovernment:
lTheNormanlineofkings
90years
l1154Angevinkings
KingHenryⅡandhisdescendants245years
l1399TheHouseofLancaster
Fewoccurrencesofhistoricmagnitude:
lTheEstablishmentoftheFeudalSystem(封建制)
lWilliamtheConquerorgrabbedAnglo-Saxonlandbyforceandgaveittohisnoblesandfollowers.
lThe1381PeasantUprising(农民起义)
lLedbyWatTylerofKentandJackStrawofEssex
l1086TheCompletionoftheDomesdayBook(末日审判书)
lAhistoricalrecordofAnglo-Saxoninstitutions,customs,andwayoflife
lTheLaunchingoftheCrusades.(十字军东征)
lAseriousofwarsbetweenChristiansandtheMuslims(1096-1270)
lThefirstcommunicationbetweeneastandwest
l1215ThesigningoftheMagnaCarter.(大宪章)
lKingJohnwasforcedtorecognizetherightsofthepowerfulbarons.(男爵)
(Duke公Marquis侯Count伯Viscount子Baron爵)
lAsignificanteventinthelongdeclineofthemonarchy
l1337-1453TheWarwithFranceortheHundredYears’War(英法战争)
lNormanandAnglo-Saxonelementsbegantocoalesceintoonenation,andtheEnglishlanguagestartedtorevive.
lTheemergenceofnation(民族兴起)
Fewimportantpointsofliterature:
lLegend传奇:
TheGrowthoftheArthurianLegends(亚瑟王传奇)
lNotputdownonpaperuntil1147GeoffreyofMonmouthcameoutwithhisLatinHistoriaReugmBritanniae.
lBeenrichedbyagoodnumberoflaterwriters.
l1205Layamonwrotehiscastverseworkof32,000linesBrutinEnglish.
ThebeginningoftherevivalofEnglishasaliterarymedium
lRomance骑士文学:
SirGawainandtheGreenKnight:
(《高文爵士和绿骑士》)
astoryofadventure--fictitious,frequentlymarvelousorsupernatural--inverseorprose.
TheprevailingformofMedievalEnglishliteratureis____.
A.novelB.dramaC.romanceD.essay
Thestoryof___istheculminationoftheArthurianromances.
A.SirGawainandtheGreenKnightB.Beowulf
C.PiersthePlowmanD.TheCanterburyTales
Thethemeof____tokingandlordwasrepeatedlyemphasizedinromances.
A.loyaltyB.revoltC.obedienceD.mockery
lAfamousromanaboutKingArthur’sstory
lA4-partworkof2,530linesin101sections.
lknightlyvirtues:
loyalty,valor(勇猛),rectitude(正直),andintegrity.
lOneChristmas(故事发生的时间)
1.某年圣诞节,亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。
一位绿衣骑士前来向圆桌骑士挑战:
有谁敢当场砍下他的头,并让他一年后回敬一斧。
高文接受挑战,砍下了绿衣骑士的头。
那具依然活着的躯体捡起头颅,回到绿色的教堂。
2.一年以后,高文践约去寻找绿衣骑士,历经千辛来到一座城堡。
3.城堡女主人趁丈夫外出狩猎耍尽花招引诱高文;
高文不为所动。
4.最后高文在向导的陪同下离开城堡前往绿色教堂。
绿衣骑士原来就是城堡的男主人,他举斧向高文进攻三次,前两次落空,第三次在他的脖子上划出轻伤。
绿衣骑士向他解释:
落空的两斧是对他两次不受女主人诱惑并如实交换所得之物的回报,第三斧则是对高文隐瞒女主人送他腰带的惩罚。
高文辞别绿衣骑士返回亚瑟王的宫廷,将自己的历险告诉众人,骑士们一致认为他为圆桌骑士争了光。
那根女主人送他的腰带成了纯洁的道德的象征。
lThedescriptionofthechangeofseasonsandthedifficultterrainofhisroutewithitswastelandandwildanimals,servesinfactasameansofexternalizing(外化)thecomplexinginnerworldofthemangoingtodeath.
lHeisaperfecthumanbutheisnotdivine.
Toforgivehisdivinetoearnhishuman
l在诗行结构和运用头韵等写作方法上同《贝奥武甫》非常相似
l骑士就跟普通人一样,也会犯错
l民谣ballads:
RobinHood
themostimportantdepartmentofEnglishfolkliterature.Aballadisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.
Balladsareanonymousnarrativesongsthathavebeenpreservedbyoraltransmission.
ThemostfamouscycleofEnglishballadscentersonthestoriesaboutalegendaryoutlawcalled_____.
A.Morted’ArthurB.RobinHood
C.TheCanterburyTalesD.PiersthePlowman
lAcollectionof15thcenturymedievalballadsaboutRobinHood,theheroofthepoor,andtheenemyoftherichandthepowerful.
lAgreenwoodoutlaw(绿林好汉)
罗宾汉是英国民间传说侠盗式英雄人物。
人称汉丁顿伯爵。
从12世纪中叶起,关于罗宾汉的民谣和传说就开始在民间流传。
14世纪,有关罗宾汉的故事首次作为文学作品问世。
此后,不断有作家以此为素材,写出了许多脍炙人口的作品。
《侠盗罗宾汉》是法国文豪亚历山大·
仲马在前人基础上再创作的作品。
lBasicfeaturesoffolkballads:
repetitionofwords/refrain,uniforminmood,anddramaticinplotorcharacterportrayal.
lJohnWycliffe约翰威克里夫(1320-1384):
lTranslatebiblefromLatintoEnglish:
thefirstattemptevertotranslatetheHolyScriptureintoEnglish.
l威克里夫(英国宗教改革的晨星,英文圣经译者)生于伦敦附近的约克郡,其父亲是威克里夫农庄的主人。
1345年到牛津大学默顿学院就读,后来短时间任该大学巴略勒学院院长。
他学识渊博,名噪一时,听他讲学的人极多,在神学教授中首屈一指。
但为人不茍言笑。
在哲学上他是“
______wasthegreatestofEnglishreligiousreformersandthefirsttranslatoroftheBible.
A.LanglandB.GowerC.WycliffeD.Chaucer
ThefirstcompleteEnglishBiblewastranslatedby_______,“themorningstaroftheReformation”andhisfollowers.
A.WilliamTyndalB.JamesI
C.JohnWycliffeD.BishopLancelotAndrews
lWilliamLangland威廉朗兰(1332-endof14thcentury):
lVisionofPiersthePlowman:
adreamallegory(讽寓体)of7,000linestoattackevilinbothChurchandstate.
l《农夫皮尔斯》是用中世纪梦幻故事的形式写成的教诲诗,通过描绘梦中的景象来展现中世纪英国社会各方面的生活图景,采用寓言故事来惩恶扬善。
长诗分为两部分,第一部分是皮尔斯的梦境,第二部分是称为“寻求好、更好、最好”的一连串幻想。
全诗由有重读音和押头韵的诗行写成。
WilliamLangland’s____iswrittenintheformofadreamvision.
A.KublaKhanB.PiersthePlowman
C.TheDreamofJohnBullD.Morted’Arthur
PiersthePlowmandescribesaseriesofwonderfuldreamstheauthordreamed,throughwhich,wecanseeapictureofthelifeinthe____England.
A.primitiveB.feudalC.bourgeoisD.modern
lRomanceChansondeRoland:
(《罗兰之歌》)
l法国英雄史诗,中世纪武功歌的代表作品。
全诗共分为291节,长4002行,以当时民间语言罗曼语写成。
英雄史诗是法国最古老的文学。
英雄史诗主要分为帝王系、纪尧姆·
德·
奥郎日系和敦·
梅央斯系。
《罗兰之歌》是帝王系的主要作品。
Chapter2
【GeoffreyChaucer1340-1400】
GeoffreyChaucer:
Thelastmedievalman,thefirstmodernman.
Inthe14thcentury,themostimportantwriter(poet)is____.
A.LanglandB.WycliffeC.GowerD.Chaucer
______,the“fatherofEnglishpoetry”andoneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsofEngland,wasborninLondoninabout1340.
A.GeoffreyChaucerB.SirGawainC.FrancisBaconD.JohnDryden
ChaucerdiedonOctober25th,1400,andwasburiedin____.
A.FlandersB.FranceC.ItalyD.WestminsterAbbey
Chaucer’searliestworkofanylengthishis