关于建筑行业安全施工的分析毕业设计外文文献翻译中英文翻译Word文档下载推荐.docx

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1.DefinitionofAccident

Laney（1982）statesthatthesimplestdefinitionofanaccidentis“anuncontrollableoccurrencewhichresultsininjuryordamage”.Theeventsleadinguptoanaccidentarecontrollableinmostcases.InternationalLaborOfficeGeneva（1983）andKennedy（1997）alsoagreethataccidentsdon’tjusthappen,theyarepreventable.Allindustrialaccidentsare,eitherdirectlyorindirectly,attributabletohumanfailings.Rowlandson（1997）pointsoutthatanumberofelementswhichneedtobeincorporatedintothedefinitionifthisistobeusefulintermsofaccidentprevention.Theseelementsare:

a.lackofmanagementcontrol;

b.basicpersonalandtaskfactors;

c.sub-standardactsandconditions–thesymptomsoftheaccident;

d.anunplannedandundesiredeventorincident–theaccident;

e.anundesiredoutcome–death,injuryorpropertydamage;

f.acost.

Hethusdefinesaccidentas:

“...anunplannedincidentleadingtodeath,injuryorpropertydamagewhichstemsfrominadequatemanagementcontrolofworkprocessesmanifestingitselfinpersonalorjobfactorswhichleadtosubstandardactionsorconditionswhichareseenastheimmediatecausesoftheaccident.”

2.CommonAccidentsinConstructionIndustry

AccordingtoLingardandRowlinson（1994）accidentpronenesscanbemeasuredbythefrequencyofaccidentoccurrence.Accordingtosomeresearches,constructionindustryhasthehighestaccidentrateovertheyears,thusitissaidtobemoreaccident-pronethanotherindustries.Itisessentialtounderstandwhyconstructionindustryismorevulnerabletoaccidentthantheothers.TheLabourDepartmentclassifiedconstructionaccidentsbytypes.

Table1showsthenumberofinjuriesin2004andfiguresinblanketsarethenumberoffatality

fixedorstationaryobject

11.9%

Fallofpersonfromheight

11.7%

Injuredwhilstliftingorcarrying

16.0%

Slip,triporfallonsamelevel

17.3%

Strikingagainstorstuckbymovingobject

19.7%

Contactwithmovingmachineryorobjectbeingmachined

7.0%

Others

16.4%

Theabovechartshowsthemajoraccidentswhichcontributedmorethan5%oftheconstructionaccidentsin2004:

3.FacorsAffectingSafetyPerformanceofConstructionIndustry

Manyresearchershavestudiedthefactorsaffectingsafetyperformanceonconstructionsites.Stranks（1994）pointsoutthatthereasonsofthepoorsafetyrecord

maycorrelatewithmanyfactorssuchascomplexityoftheworkorsystem,risknatureofworks,managementstyle,safetyknowledgeandcommitment,andpersonalbehavior.Hereareseveralfactorsthataffectsafetyperformanceofcontractionindustry.

a.CompanySize

TamandFung（1998）studytheeffectivenessofsafetymanagementstrategiesonsafetyperformance.Inthisstudy,thesafetyperformanceofcompaniesisgaugedbytheiraccidentratesin1994asaccidentratesaresteadierthroughouttheyearandtheycanbeeasilyobtained.Inthestudy,itisfoundthatcompanysize,intermofnumberofmanagementstaff,affectssafetyperformance.TamandFung（1998）observethattheaccidentrateofsmallcompaniesishighest,therateformediumsizedliesalmostattheindustrialaverageandthatforthelargefirmsisthelowest.Thisdemonstratesthatlargerfirmsgenerallyhavebettersafetyrecords.Thiscouldberesultedfromthemorestructuredandformalizedsafetyprogrammers,andstrongermanagementcommitmenttosafety.Itisfoundthatthehighernumberofemployeesintheorganization,thelowerfigureoftheaccidentrate.

b.LevelofSubcontracting

Multi-layersubcontractingisuniquetoChinaconstructionindustryandhasbeenthemostcommonpracticebeingusedwithlonghistory.Subcontractorswouldnormallyfurthersubcontracttheirworkwithouttheconsentoftheirprincipalcontractortoseveralsmallerfirmsinordertominimizetheiroverheads.Multi-layersofsubcontractorsisoneofthemajordifficultiesinimplementingsafetymanagement.RecentstudycarriedoutbyWongandSo（2004）showsthecurrentstatusofthesubcontractingpracticeandhowmulti-layersubcontractingsystemaffectsconstructionsafetyperformance.Theirquestionnairesurveyrevealsthatthemajorityofrespondents（45.5%）wouldsublet80-90%oftheirworkstosubcontractors.Noneoftherespondentswouldcarryoutconstructionworkthatfullyreliesontheirowneffort;

atleast30%ofworkswouldbesubcontractedout.

Lai（1987）attributesthehighsiteaccidentratestotheuseoflabour-onlysubcontractors.Assubcontractedworkersarehighlymobile,lackloyaltytocontractorsandarerewardedaccordingtoworkdone,theyaredifficulttocontrol.Implementingsafetypracticesonsitebecomesmoredifficult.Recentresearchers,likeWong（1999）andLee（1996）,believemulti-layersubcontractingsystemisoneofthemajorcausestopoorsafetyperformanceinChina’sconstructionindustry.ThemostextremecaseofsubcontractingquotedbyLee（1999）wassubcontractingupto15layers.Hedescribessuchmulti-layersubcontractingascommonandexcessive.

Smallbusiness,likesubcontractors,facewithspecifichealthandsafetychallenges.Manyfirmslackedadequateresourcesandwereoftenstrugglingtosurvive.Moreover,theylackanunderstandingoftheirobligationsandthehealthandsafetyissuesoftheirprocesses.ThesecanbesupportedbyRawlinson’s（1999）studyforHousingAuthority.Hefindsthataverage84%ofworkersinjuredfrom1995to1998weresubcontractors’workers.Suchsituationmaybeduetosubcontractors’workers’inadequatetrainingandawarenessofsafeworkingpractice.TamandFung（1998）findthereisasignificantdifferencebetweentrainedandun-trainedemployeesinrelationtoaccidentrate.

4.Communication

AccordingtoWong（2002）,communicationisamajorfactoraffectingthesafetyonsites.However,ithasseldombeendiscussedbefore.Wong（2002）conductsaresearchtofindoutthecausesofcommunicationproblemsbetweenmaincontractorsandsubcontractors.Heidentifies12factorsleadingtopoorcommunicationinconstructionindustry.Amongthem,10arediscussedhereastheyaremorerelevanttotheterritoryandhavebeendiscussedbyotherresearchers.Thesefactorsarelistedbelow:

i.IndustryNature

Inordertocompletetheprojectontime,constructionprojectsarecarriedoutunderalmostallsortsofweatherconditions.Besides,constructionworkersareusuallynotwell-educated.Thesecausecommunicationdifficulties.

ii.IndustryCulture

Wong（2000）identifiessub-contractingsystemisahurdletoconstructionsafetyastheyareengagedonday-workbasis,thustheyarenotawaretositesafety.

iii.ClientType

Thereare2typesofclients,publicandprivateones.Governmentbodiesarepublicclients.Privateclientscanbefurtherdividedintoexperiencedandinexperienced.Theirconcernandexpectationonsitesafetyperformanceappeartobedifferent.

iv.OrganizationStructure

Fryer（1997）suggeststhatorganizationstructure,includinghierarchy,downsizinganddecentralizationvs.decentralization,rigidityvs.flexibility,rulesandprocedure,wouldaffecttheresultofcommunications.AccordingtoWong（2002）,downsizingbecamepopularsince1990sbecausethiscanallowflexibilityforpeopleforrespondmorequicklytochange.

v.RelationshipofMainandSub-Contractors

Thepoorrelationshipbetweencontractorsisanobstacletoconstructionsafety.However,suchsituationcouldberesolvedbypartnering.Wong（2002）saysthatpartneringisconsideredbymostoftheprojectparticipantsasaworthwhileinitiative.

vi.CommunicationBarriers

HicksandGullett（1983）pointsoutthatcommunicationoverloadandinattentiontomessagecancauseineffectivecommunication.Peoplemayreceivemoreinformationthantheycanprocessortheyspendtimeevaluatingthesenderandthemessagebeforetheentiremessageisbeingpassedorread.

vii.ContentofInformation

Wong（2002）attributespoorsafetyperformancetothecontentofinformation.Ifcontentofinformation,suchasmethodstatements,working,drawingsorsafetyprocedures,areinaccurateorunclear,safetycouldnotbeeffectivelyachieved.

viii.ValueofCommunicators

Tametal（2001）pointoutthatmanyproductionpersonnelranksafetyinalowerprioritieswhencomparewithmeetingtheproductionschedule,quotaandcosttargets.Besides,NicholsandStevens（1999）mentionthefailureofmanysuperiorstolisten.Asaresult,safetyissuedoesnotreceiveenoughattention.

ix.ProvisionofContinuousTraining

Enrichmentofsafetyknowledgeisessential.Teoetal（2005）carryoutastudytofindoutthemethodsinfosteringworkers’safeworkbehaviours.Theyfindthattrainingisanimportantwaytoenableworkerstoworksafely,becausetheyareequippedwiththeknowledgeofhowtoworksafely.

x.Workers’Attitude

Workers’incorrectattitudetowardssitesafetyisabigdifficultyinmakingsafetysites.InChanetal’s（1999）research,itisfoundthatworkersdonotthinktheyhavethedutytocomplywithsafetyregulationsforthemaincontractors.Theywillbemoreawaretosafetyissuesafterseriousaccidentbuttheywillresum