跨文化习题unit19Word文档下载推荐.docx

跨文化习题unit19Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Inotherwords,cultureisthesetofvaluesandbeliefs,norms,andcustoms,rulesandcodesthatsociallydefinesagroupofpeople,bindsthemtooneanother,andgivesasenseofcommonality

Communicationisaprocessbywhichasourcetransmitsamessagetoareceiverthroughsomechannel.

Interculturalcommunicationoccurswheneveraminimumoftwopersonsfromdifferentculturesormicroculturescometogetherandexchangeverbalandnonverbalsymbols.

简答

1.WhatisCharacteristicsofCulture?

1）Cultureislearned.

2）Cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.

3）Cultureisbasedonsymbols.

4）Cultureissubjecttochange.

5）Cultureisethnocentric.

具体解释如下：

1.1Culture

1.1.1ADefinitionofCulture

In1993,twoanthropologists,AlfredKroeberandClydeKluckhornexamined300definitionsofculture,andtheyfoundnoneofthemarethesame；

Yettherearesomefundamentalpropertiesaboutcultureonwhichmostpeopleagree.Cultureisthecollectiveanswertoquestionsas:

WhoamI?

HowshouldIlivemylife?

WheredoIfitintheworld?

Inotherwords,cultureisthesetofvaluesandbeliefs,norms,andcustoms,andrulesandcodesthatsociallydefinesagroupofpeople,bindsthemtooneanother,andgivesasenseofcommonality（TrenholmandJenson,2000）

1.1.2CharacteristicsofCulture

Despiteofthedifferentopinionaboutthedefinitionofculture,mostpeopleagreeaboutthemaincharacteristicsofculture.LarryA.SamovarandRichardE.Portersummarizedthecharacteristicsofcultureasfollowings:

Cultureislearned.Ifonecan’tlearnfromthosewholivebefore,wewouldnothaveculture.Therefore,wesaylearningwasthemostimportantofallthecharacteristicsofculture.Ifababywascutofffromalladultcare,training.Hecanstillinstinctivelyeat,drink,defecate,urinateandcry.Butwhatandwhenwouldheeat,wherewouldhedefecateandurinate,itismostlikelyhewoulddoallthesethingsrandomly.

Butwhereandhowcanwelearncultureishardtoexplain.Welearnourculturethroughinteractionswithotherpeople.It’shardtonamewhoarethe“otherpeople”,wereceiveinstructionsfromfamilyandfriendsandnumerousother“teachers”withoutknowingit.

Cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.Forculturetoexist,endure,andperpetuate,theymustmakesurethattheircrucial“message”andelementsgetpassedon.Brislinoncesaid“iftherearevaluesconsideredcentraltoasocietythathaveexistedformanyyears,theymustbetransmittedfromonegenerationtoanother”（p.6）.Keesingsaid,“anybreakinthelearningchainwouldleadtoaculture’sdisappearance”（p.28）.

Cultureisbasedonsymbols.Cultureislearnedandpassedfromgenerationtogeneration,buthowtolearnandpass?

Itisoursymbol-makingabilityenablesustolearnandpassonourculturefromindividualtoindividual,grouptogroup,andgenerationtogeneration.Theportabilityofsymbolsallowspeopletopackageandstorethemaswellastransmitthem.Cultureishistoricalaswellaspreservable.Eachnewgenerationmight“write”

Cultureissubjecttochange.Culturesaredynamicsystemsthatdonotexistinavacuumandthereforearesubjecttochange.Culturesareconstantlybeingconfrontedwithideasandinformationfor“outside”sources.

Whenwetalkaboutculturechange,weshouldkeeptwopointsinmind.First,culturesarehighlyadaptive.Inhistory,therearealotofexamplesofhowcultureshavebeenforcedtochangetheircoursebecauseofnaturaldisasters,wars,andetc.Second,althoughmanyaspectsofculturearesubjecttochange,thedeepstructureofacultureresistsmajoralterations.Barnlundclearlymakethispointwhenhewrites:

“ThespreadofBuddhism,Islam,Christianity,andConfucianismdidnothomogenizethesocietiestheyenveloped.Itwasusuallytheotherwayaround:

Societiesinsistedonadaptingthereligionstotheirownculturaltraditions”（p.192）

Cultureisethnocentric.Theimportanttiebetweenethnocentrismandcommunicationcanbeseeninthedefinitionoftheterm“ethnocentrism”.Summerdefineditas“thetechnicalnamefortheviewofthingsinwhichone’sowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit”（p.13）Keesingsummarizedthepowerandimpactofethnocentrism“Nearlyalwaysthefolkloreofapeopleincludesmythsoforiginwhichgiveprioritytothemselves,andplacethestampofsupernaturalapprovalupontheirparticularcustoms”（p.45）.

2.WhataretheProsperitiesofCommunication?

1）Communicationisaprocess

2）Communicationisdynamic.

3）Communicationisinteractive/transitive.

4）Communicationisintentional

5）Communicationissymbolic

6）Communicationiscontextual

7）Communicationisubiquitous.

8）Communicationiscultural

1.Communicationisaprocess.“Communicationtheoryreflectsaprocesspointofview…youcannottalkaboutthebeginningortheendofcommunication…”（Berlo）

2.Communicationisdynamic.“Communicationisatransactionamongsymbolusersinwhichmeaningsaredynamic,changingasafunctionofearlierusagesandofchangesinperceptionsandmetaperceptions.Commontobothmeaningsisthenotionthatcommunicationistime-boundandirreversible.”（BowersandBradac）

3.Communicationisinteractive/transactive.“Communicationoccurswhentwoormorepeopleinteractthroughtheexchangeofmessages.”（Goss）

4.Communicationissymbolic.“…allthesymbolsofthemind,togetherwiththemeansofconveyingthemthroughspaceandpreservingthemintime.”（Cooley）

5.Communicationisintentional.“…communicationhasasitscentralinterestthosebehavioralsituationsinwhichsourcetransmitsamessagetoareceiverswithconsciousintenttoaffectthelatter’sbehavior.”（Miller）

6.Communicationiscontextual.“Communicationalwaysandinevitablyoccurswithinsomecontext.”（Fisher）

7.Communicationisubiquitous.“…communicationisthediscriminatoryresponseofanorganismtoastimulus.”（Stevens）

8.Communicationiscultural.“…cultureiscommunication…communicationisculture.”（Hall）

Unit3（加粗的要重点记忆，考查方式多样，可能是判断选择或翻译，汉译英英译汉都有！

）

Translation

1.天何言哉？

四时行焉，百物生焉，天何言哉？

Heavendoesnotspeakinwords.Itspeaksthroughtherotationofthefourseasonsandthegrowthofalllivingthings.

2.天地之大德曰生

ThegreatvirtueofHeavenandEarthiscreatinglife.

3.获罪于天,无所祷也

HewhooffendsagainstHeavenhasnonetowhomhecanpray

4.仁者,爱人,亲亲为大.

Thegreatestloveforpeopleistheloveforone’sparents.

5.己所不欲,勿施于人

Donotdotowardothersanythingthatyouwouldnotwanttobedonetoyou

6.父母在,不远游,游必有方.

Childrenshouldnottravelfarwhiletheirparentsarealive.Iftheyhavenochoicebuttodoso,theymustretainsomerestraint.

7.父母之年，不可不知也。

一则以喜，一则以惧。

Childrenshouldthinkoftenoftheageoftheirparents.Theyshouldfeelhappyforthehealthandlongevityoftheirparents.Theyshouldalsofeelconcernfortheagingoftheirparents.

8.老吾老以及人之老,幼吾幼以及人之幼

Expendtherespectoftheagedinone’sfamilytothatofotherfamilies;

extendtheloveoftheyoungonesinone’sfamilytothatofotherfamilies

9.非礼勿视,非礼勿听,非礼勿言,非礼勿动

Seenoevil,hearnoevil,speaknoevilanddonoevil

10.礼之用，和为贵。

TheroleofLiistomaintainharmonyamongpeople.

11.无为而无不为

Actsthroughnon-action

12.顺其自然。

Letthenaturetakeitscourse.

13.上善若水

Thegreatestvirtueislikewater.

14.天下莫柔若于水,而攻其坚强者,莫若于水

Nothingisweakerthanwaterintheworld.Yetnothingisstrongerthanwaterwhenitcomestobreakingsomethingstrong

15.道可道，非常道；

名可名，非常名。

TheTaothatisutterableisnottheeternalTao;

thenamethatisnamableisnottheeternalName.

16.无，名天地之始；

有，名万物之母。

TheNothingnessisthenameofthebeginningoftheheavenandearth;

TheBeingisthenameofthemotherofallthings

17.礼之用，和为贵。

先王之道，斯为美。

小大由之。

有所不行，知和而和，不以礼节之，亦不可行也。

Inpracticingtherulesofpropriety,anaturaleaseistobeprized.Inthewaysprescribedbytheancientkings,thisistheexcellentquality,andinthingssmallandgreatwefollowthem.Yetitisnottobeobservedinallcases.Ifone,knowinghowsucheaseshouldbeprized,manifestsit,withoutregulatingitbytherulesofpropriety,thislikewiseisnottobedone

18.道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物

TheTaobegetstheOne;

TheOneconsistsoftheTwoinopposition（theYinandYang）;

TheTwobegetstheThree;

TheThreebegetsallthingsoftheworld.

19.人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然

MantakesEarthashismodel;

Earthtakesheavenasitsmodel;

HeaventakestheTaoasitsmodel;

TheTaotakeswhatisnaturalasitsmodel

20.以正治国

Rulethestatewithpeaceandinaction

21.天下神器，不可为也，不可执也。

为者败之，执者失之

Thekingshipissosacred。

Thatcannotbeobtainedthroughforce.Thosewhotrytoobtainitbyforcewillruinit;

Thosewhokeepitbyforcewillloseit.

22.大巧若拙

Greatingenuityappearstobestupid.

问答题

1.介绍一下孔子的生平及贡献；

谈一谈你对儒家学说中“仁”的理解，谈一谈你对儒家学说中“礼”的理解。

参考答案如下，自己整理总结归纳。

3.1.1Confucius

ConfuciusisknownasKongZiinChina,whosegivennameisQiu.HewasanativeofZouyi,knownasQufunowadaysinShandongProvince,oftheStateofLuduringtheperiodoftheSpringandAutumnPeriod.Confuciusisagreatthinker,educatorandfounderofConfucianismandalsoanancientsagetotheChinesepeople.Hiswordsandlifestorieswererecordedbyhisstudentsinabook,knownasLunYuwhichhasinfluencedChinaformorethan2000yearsinhistory.

MuchofConfucianthoughtonHeavenandpeoplerepresentsuniversalhumanvalues.Andtheconceptof“heaven”hadakindofcertainholyelement,relatingtothe