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BaekelandandHartmannreportthatthe“shortsleepers”hadbeenmoreorlessaverageintheirsleepneedsuntilthemenwereintheirteens.Butataboutage15orso,themenvoluntarilybegancuttingdowntheirnightlysleeptimebecauseofpressuresfromschool,work,andotheractivities.Thesementendedtoviewtheirnightlyperiodsofunconsciousnessasbothersomeinterruptionsintheirdailyroutines.

　　Ingeneral,these“shortsleeps”appearedambitious,active,energetic,cheerful,conformist（不动摇）intheiropinions,andverysureabouttheircareerchoices.Theyoftenheldseveraljobsatonce,orworkersfull-orpart-timewhilegoingtoschool.Andmanyofthemhadastrongurgetoappear“normal”or“acceptable”totheirfriendsandassociates.www.Ｅxamda.CoM考试就到考试大

　　Whenaskedtorecalltheirdreams,the“shortsleepers”didpoorly.Morethanthis,theyseemedtoprefernotremembering.Insimilarfashion,theirusualwayofdealingwithpsychologicalproblemswastodenythattheproblemexisted,andthentokeepbusyinthehopethatthetroublewouldgoaway.

　　Thesleeppatternsofthe“shortsleepers”weresimilarto,butlessextremethan,sleeppatternsshownbymanymentalpatientscategorizedasmanic（疯人）.

　　The“longsleepers”werequitedifferentindeed.BaekelandandHartmannreportthattheseyoungmenhadbeenlengthysleepssincechildhood.Theyseemedtoenjoytheirsleep,protectedit,andwerequiteconcernedwhentheywereoccasionallydeprivedoftheirdesired9hoursofnightlybedrest.Theytendedtorecalltheirdreamsmuchbetterthandidthe“shortsleepers.”

　　Manyofthe“longsleepers”wereshy,anxious,introverted（内向）,inhibited（压抑）,passive,mildlydepressed,andunsureofthemselves（particularlyinsocialsituations）.Severalopenlystatesthatsleepwasanescapefromtheirdailyproblems.

　　1.Accordingtothereport,______.

　　A）manyshortsleepersneedlesssleepbynature

　　B）manyshortsleepersareobligedtoreducetheirnightlysleeptimebecausetheyarebusywiththeirwork

　　C）longsleeperssleepalongerperiodoftimeduringtheday

　　D）manylongsleeperspreservetheirsleepinghabitformedduringtheirchildhood

　　2.Many“shortsleepers”arelikelytoholdtheviewthat_____.

　　A）sleepisawithdrawalfromthereality

　　B）sleepinterfereswiththeirsoundjudgement

　　C）sleepistheleastexpensiveitemontheirroutineprogram

　　D）sleepisthebestwaytodealwithpsychologicaltroubles

　　3.Itisstatedinthethirdparagraphthatshortsleepers_____.

　　A）areideallyvigorousevenunderthepressuresoflife

　　B）oftenneglecttheconsequencesofinadequatesleep

　　C）donotknowhowtorelaxproperly

　　D）aremoreunlikelytorunintomentalproblems

　　4.Whensometimestheycannotenjoyadequatesleep,thelongsleepersmight____.

　　A）appeardisturbed

　　B）becomeenergetic

　　C）feeldissatisfied

　　D）beextremelydepressed

　　5.WhichofthefollowingisNotincludedinthepassage?

　　A）Ifonesleepsinadequately,hisperformancesuffersandhismemoryisweakened

　　B）Thesleeppatternsofshortsleepersareexactlythesaneasthoseshownbymanymentalpatients

　　C）Longandshortsleepersdifferintheirattitudestowardssleep

　　D）Shortsleeperswouldbebetteroffwithmorerest

Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicaltests,whicharewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,assigningorpromotingstudents,employeesandmilitarypersonnel,havebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.Thetargetiswrong,for,inattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.

　　Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.来源：

考试大

　　Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext:

theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindofinformationaboutwhatapersonhaslearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheempiricalevidenceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.

　　Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthetraitsorqualitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefined（forexample,abilitytodowellinaparticularcourseoftrainingprogram）andleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined,forexample,personalityorcreativity.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized.

　　1.Inthispassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith_________.

　　A.thenecessityofstandardizedtests

　　B.thevalidityofstandardizedtests

　　C.themethodusedininterpretingtheresultsofstandardizedtests.

　　D.thetheoreticalgroundsofstandardizedtests.

　　2.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_______.

　　A.standardizedtestsshouldnolongerbeused.

　　B.resultsofstandardizedtestsaccuratelyreflecttheabilitiesofthetestees

　　C.thevalueofstandardizedtestsliesintheirproperinterpretation

　　D.specialmethodsmustbeappliedtotheresultofstandardizedtests.

　　3.Theword“empirical”（Line6,Para.3）mostprobablymeans“___________”

　　A.theoretical

　　B.critical本文来源:

考试大网

　　C.indisputable

　　D.experiential

　　4.Accordingtothepassage,standardizedtestsworkworkmosteffectivelywhen____________.

　　A.theuserknowshowtointerprettheresultsinadvance.

　　B.theobjectivesaremostclearlydefined.

　　C.thepersonswhotakethetestareintelligentorskillful.

　　D.theymeasurethetraitsorqualitiesofthetests

　　5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstandardizedtestscouldbedescribedas_______.

　　A.positive

　　B.critical

　　C.prejudiced

　　D.indifferent.

Consumersarebeingconfusedandmisledbythehodge-podge（大杂烩）ofenvironmentalclaimsmadebyhouseholdproducts,accordingtoa“greenlabeling”studypublishedbyConsumersInternationalFriday.考试大论坛

　　Amongthereport’smoreoutrageous（令人无法容忍的）findings，aGermanfertilizerdescribeditselfas“earthwormfriendly”，abrandoffloursaiditwas“non-polluting”andaBritishtoiletpaperclaimedtobe“environmentallyfriendlier”

　　ThestudywaswrittenandresearchedbyBritain’sNationalConsumerCouncil（NCC）forlobbygroupConsumerInternational.ItwasfundedbytheGermanandDutchgovernmentsandtheEuropeanCommission.

　　“Whilemanygoodandusefulclaimsarebeingmade,itisclearthereisalongwaytogoinensuringshoppersareadequatelyinformedabouttheenvironmentalimpactofproductstheybuy,”saidConsumersInternationaldirectorAnnaFielder.

　　The10-countrystudysurveyedproductpackaginginBritain.WesternEurope,ScandinaviaandtheUnitedStates.ItfoundthatproductssoldinGermanyandtheUnitedKingdommadethemostenvironmentalclaimsonaverage.

　　Thereportfocusedonclaimsmadebyspecificproducts,suchasdetergent（洗涤剂）insectspraysandbysomegardenproducts.Itdidnottesttheclaims,butcomparedthemtolabelingguidelinessetbytheInternationalStandardsOrganization（ISO）inSeptember,1999.

　　Researchersdocumentedclaimsofenvironmentalfriendlinessmadebyabout2,000productsandfoundmanytoovagueortoomisleadingtomeetISOstandards.

　　“Manyproductshadspecially-designedlabelstomakethemseemenvironmentallyfriendly,butinfactmanyofthesesymbolsmeannothing,”saidreportresearcherPhilipPage.

　　“Laundrydetergentsmadethemostnumberofclaimswith158.Householdcleanersweresecondwith145separateclaims,whilepaintswerethirdonourlistwith73.Thehighnumbersshowhowveryconfusingitmustbeforconsumerstosortthetruefromthemisleading.”hesaid.

　　TheISOlabelingstandardsbanvagueormisleadingclaimsonproductpackaging,becausetermssuchas“environmentallyfriendly”and“non-polluting”cannotbeverified.“WhatwearenowpushingforistohavemultinationalcorporationsmeetthestandardssetbytheISO.”saidPage.

　　1.Accordingtothepassage,theNCCfounditoutrageousthat______

　　A）alltheproductssurveyedclaimtomeetISOstandards

　　B）theclaimsmadebyproductsareoftenunclearordeceiving

　　C）consumerswouldbelievemanyofthemanufactures’claim

　　D）fewproductsactuallyprovetobeenvironmentfriendly采集者退散

　　2.Asindicatedinthispassage,withsomanygoodclaims,theconsumers___

　　A）arebecomingmorecautiousabouttheproductstheyaregoingtobuy

　　B）arestillnotwillingtopaymoreforproductswithgreenlabeling

　　C）arebecomingmoreawareoftheeffectsdifferentproductshaveontheenvironment

　　D）stilldonotknowtheexactimpactofdifferentproductsontheenvironment

　　3.AstudywascarriedoutbyBritain’sNCCto_______

　　A）findouthowmanyclaimsmadebyproductsfailtomeetenvironmentalstandards

　　B）informtheconsumersoftheenvironmentalimpactoftheproductstheybuy

　　C）examineclaimsmadebyproducts