山大学级博士研究生精读课词汇整理文档格式.docx
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e.g.Sheisasingerbycalling.(她的职业是歌唱家。
e.g.Whatcallingdoeshefollow?
(他是干什么的?
Para3
radicular:
oforrelatingtotheroot(神经)根的
tosubject(sbtosth):
tocausetoundergoorexperience;
toexpose(使某人做某事)
e.g.Heoftensubjectshimselftostrongself-criticism.
e.g.Theplanshouldbesubjectedtocarefulconsiderationbeforeitiscarriedout.
Para4
quitedifficult:
rathertroublesome(相当艰难)
Para6
progression(ofadisease,esp.cancer):
theprocessofspreadingorbecomingmoresevere(扩散或恶化)
Para7
bureaucrat:
(官僚)
ruse:
actionorplanintendedtodeceive;
trick(n.策略,计策;
诡计)
inflatedpricetag=increasedmedicalexpenses(增加医疗费用)
toinflate:
toincreasebeyondpreviousorusuallevels,aspricesorcurrency(使膨胀;
充气)
Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth=Itisabsolutelyuntrue/wrong.
toastound:
toovercomewithsuddensurpriseoramazement;
stun(使惊骇;
使震惊)
Para8
therearethousandsofpersonswhoarealiveonlytheyarehookedtoarespirator.
only:
conj.exceptthat;
but
e.g.Iwouldhavecome,onlyitwasraining.
hookedto:
connectedto(用钩固定;
与…相连接;
连接到…)
“fatinthesystem”:
redundancyinthemedicalcaresystem
fat:
obesity;
corpulence(臃肿,肥胖)
therecanbenoheroiceffortsmadetokeepchronicallyillpatientsalive.
heroic:
onagrandscale;
largeorimpressive(大规模的;
堂皇的)
cf.extraordinary
Para9
litigation:
theactorprocessofengaginginalawsuit(n.诉讼;
起诉)
Para11
totakeon:
togetinvolvedin;
begintodealwith;
undertake(承担;
呈现;
具有;
流行;
接纳;
雇用;
穿上)
e.g.totakeonaresponsibility
e.g.Nowheistakingonenvironmentalprotection.
stepin:
intervene(介入;
插手干预)
totrack:
todiscoverorfindbyfollowingtracksorinvestigatingevidence;
toobserveandrecord(vt.追踪;
通过;
循路而行;
用纤拉vi.追踪;
留下足迹)
tocontendwith:
todealwithinorasinastruggle(对付;
与…作斗争)
e.g.Themanhastocontendwithhiswife’sillhealth.
e.g.Theyaretreatingmedicineasabusinesswithassembly-linementality.
mentality:
mannerorwayofthinking;
outlook(n.心态;
智力)
Para13
Thismissionincludeslettingcriticallyillpatientsbeingkeptaliveonaventilatordienaturallyandhumanely.
ventilator:
respirator(n.通风设备;
呼吸机)
client:
onewhoengagestheprofessionaladviceorservicesofanother(客户;
当事人;
委托人)
1)thepartyforwhichprofessionalservicesarerendered,asbyanattorney.
2)acustomerorpatron:
e.g.clientsofthehotel.
3)apersonusingtheservicesofasocialservicesagency.
4)onethatdependsontheprotectionofanother.e.g.aclientstate
customer:
onewhoisshoppingorwhobuys(顾客)
Cf.patron:
onewhoeatsinarestaurant(食客)
Unit2CureorCare?
LanguagePoints
1.thequalityoflife生命的质量
2.thehospicemoment临终关怀/terminalillpatient临终病人
3.assistedsuicide/physicianassistedsuicide/euthanasia安乐死
4.vitallife-supportmechanisms生命维持仪器
5.Theseprincipleshavebeenneatlyformulatedinto….
6.besidemanners医生对病人的态度
7.preparationoflivingwills遗嘱的准备
8.patientautonomy病人自主权,病人知情权
9.inharmonywith和..协调一致
10.subordinateto…使…位于较低级别,使成为次要/subservientto从属于…
11.Thistraditionholdsthat…认为/Thisstandardisjustifiedonthegroundsthat…基于…
12.Thesanctityofhumanlifeisanimportantidealinthismorality.神圣的
13.in/undergivencircumstances在特定的病情中
14.utilitarianorsituational/themaximizationofpleasureandtheminimizationofpain
15.Thecaringmodelofmedicalethicsdiffersfromthecuringmodelinthat…
16.theweighingofalternatives权衡利弊/选择权衡
17.medicalconsultant/healthcareprovider
18.Thejobislayouttheoptionsasclearlyaspossible.layout=provide
19.ahouseholdname家喻户晓
20.sideeffects药物的副作用
21.unthinkablescenario无法想象的情形scenario=imagethat..设想的情形
22.Aremedymightbearoundthecorner./aroundthecorner=comingsoon
23.painrelief止痛药
24.someofuswillalmostcertainlybecalleduponto…/calluponto号召,要求=require
25.Foralotofpeopletornbetween“curing”and“caring”,…./tore/struggle
26.Despitethepileofliterature/thepileof=lotsof…
27.morethanever比以往任何时候Now,morethanever,weneedthewisdomofaSocatestoremindusthat…
WordsList
1.confrontvt.使…面对,使…遭遇confrontsbwith,beconfrontedby
2.beskilledindoing
3.amidprep.=among在其中
4.startlinga.令人吃惊的=surprisinge.gstartlingnews爆炸性新闻
5.litigiousa.好诉讼的
6.ethicistn.伦理学家
7.gobackasfaras追溯到…
8.formulatevt.系统阐述
9.beneficencen.仁慈,慈善/maleficenen.邪恶行径/nonmaleficenen.无邪恶行径,不伤害
10.autonomyn.自主权
11.efficacyn.功效e.g.curativeefficacy疗效
12.hospicen.临终关怀
13.inharmonywith与…一致
14.subordinatevt.使…成为次要+sthto
15.subservienta.从属的,附属的+tosth
16.paternalistic家长作风的
17.sanctityn.神圣
18.besustainedto维持
19.relevanta.有关的
20.consentvi.同意
21.utilitariana.功利的
22.situationala.酢情处理的
23.maximizationn.最大化minimizationn.最小化
24.onthegroundsthat在…基础上
25.constitutevt.构成
26.theweighingofalternatives选择权衡
27.anticipateda.预期的
28.subsequenta.次要的
29.intrinsica.本质的
30.providethebasisformoraljudgment
31.inthat=because因为
32.versus=vs.doingsthversusdoingsth
33.layout提议+theoptions
34.prognosisn.预后,预知e.g.pregnantprognosis预后;
妊娠结局
35.beresponsiblefor对…负责
36.householda.家喻户晓的
37.commitsuicide自杀
38.portrayvt.描绘=describe
39.ghoulisha.残忍的
40.referto…as把…当作
41.forcesbintodoingsth
42.wipeout挥霍+themoney
43.whatif如果
44.kin=relativen.亲戚
45.terminatevt.终止,终结
46.outlookn.前景
47.warrant保证,担保,使有正当的理由
48.breach违背=breachanagreement,alaw,orapromise=break
49.laymann.外行人
50.appealn.恳求
51.remedyn.药物,治疗法
52.bearoundthecorner即将来临=comingsoon
53.remission=recoveryn.病情好转
54.dilemma=difficult/cornern.困境
55.vitala.维持生命所必需的
56.callupon/on要求,需要(某人做某事)
57.rendervt.作出
58.torna.撕裂的(tear的过去分词)
59.despite=inspiteof尽管
60.complexityn.复杂性
61.innumerable无数的=countless
62.morethanever比以往任何时候
63.obligation=responsibility责任,义务e.g.moralobligation道德责任/Aswe'
vebeentalkingabout,Ithinkwehaveastrongobligationtosavelifewherewecandoso.
64.Attainingthatwouldgoalongwaytowardresolvingthesedilemmas.
Unit3InaWord
advent:
arrival;
coming(n.到来;
出现;
基督降临;
基督降临节)
e.g.Theadventofcomputershasusheredinanewindustrialrevolution.
laden:
(v.装载(lade的过去分词)adj.负载的;
装满的;
苦恼的vt.装载(等于lade)vi.装载(等于lade))
1)loaded;
2)weigheddown;
burdened
e.g.Sheisladenwithcare(worry).
e.g.alandladenwithsnow
discourse:
conversation;
speech(n.论述;
谈话;
演讲vt.说出;
演奏出vi.演说;
谈论;
讲述)
fare:
materialprovidedforuse,enjoyment,orconsumption,esp.foodprovidedforameal(n.票价;
费用;
旅客;
食物vi.经营;
进展;
遭遇;
过活)
corporate:
oforrelatingtoacorporation(法人的;
共同的,全体的;
社团的)
precept:
ruleintendedasaguide;
maxim(n.规则;
格言;
训诫;
命令)
toarticulate:
toexpresseffectively;
toputinwords(adj.发音清晰的;
口才好的;
有关节的vt.清晰地发(音);
明确有力地表达;
用关节连接;
使相互连贯vi.发音;
清楚地讲话;
用关节连接起来)
age-old:
long-existing(古老的;
由来已久的)
topointtheway:
toshowthedirection(指明了一条人生道路)
laudable:
praiseworthy;
deservingpraise(值得赞赏的)
thebearersofcorporateculture:
advocatesorsupportersofbusinessconcepts(企业文化的使者)
interface:
anareainwhichdiversethingsinteractorcommunicate;
interactionorcommunication(n.界面;
接口;
接触面)
asisevidencedby:
asisshownorexemplifiedby
e.g.Herfellowartistsappreciatedhermusicianship,asisevidencedbyhernominationfortheGrammyAward.
tosupplant:
todisplaceandtaketheplaceof(vt.代替;
排挤掉)
e.g.Supermarketshavesupplantedmanysmallgrocerystores.
parlance:
mannerofspeech;
typeoftalk(n.说法;
用语;
语调;
发言)
ostensibly:
apparently(adv.表面上;
外表)
toencompass:
(vt.包含;
包围,环绕;
完成)
1)toformacirclearound;
tosurround;
2)tocontainorinclude
vernacular:
vocabularypeculiartoaprofessionortrade;
jargon(n.本地话,方言;
行话,术语;
动植物的俗名adj.本国的;
地方的;
用本地语写成的)
Para3-4
Somuchfor:
enoughfor(到此为止,仅仅就这么多;
有关…,就只有这些)
e.g.Iwilljustsaythismuchfor
etymologic:
oforrelatingtothestudyoftheorigin/historyofwords(语源的,语源学的;
词源的)
tointimate:
tomakeknownindirectly;
hint;
imply;
suggest(n.知己;
至交adj.亲密的;
私人的;
精通的;
有性关系的vt.暗示;
通知;
宣布)
philologist:
linguist(n.文献学者;
语言学者)
toderivefrom:
totracetheoriginof(aword,etc.)fromortoitssource(源出,来自,得自;
衍生于)
e.g.Thisdrugisderivedfromsomeanimalproducts.
todenote:
tomeanordesignate(源出,来自,得自;
connotation:
impliedmeaningorassociationofawordorexpression,inadditiontotheliteralmeaning,asdistinguishedfromdenotation(n.内涵;
含蓄;
暗示,隐含意义;
储蓄的东西(词、语等))
seemly:
suitable,proper(adj.适当的;
有礼的;
好看的adv.适合地;
得体地)
integral:
adj.完整的;
积分的;
必须的n.整体;
积分
decent:
inaccordancewithstandardsofgoodtaste;
proper(adj.正派的;
得体的;
相当好的)
bland:
lackingindividualflavor;
uninteresting(adj.乏味的;
温和的;
冷漠的vt.使…变得淡而无味;
除掉…的特性vi.变得平淡无奇;
丧失特性)
toproffer:
(fml.)tooffer(n.提供;
提出;
提议vt.提供;
奉献)
toinvoke:
(vt.调用;
祈求;
引起;
恳求)
1)tocalluponforaidorprotection;
2)torefertoassupport,prooforconfirmation
3)tocalluponasrelevantormandatory
e.g.toinvokeone’srights
e.g.ThePresidentinvokedaveto.
todilute:
toweakenorreducethestrength,forceorpuri