国家概况 名词解释Word下载.docx

国家概况 名词解释Word下载.docx

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Independentschools:

Independentschoolsarecommonlycalledpublicschoolswhichareactuallyprivateschoolsthatreceivetheirfundingthroughtheprivatesectorandtuitionrates,withsomegovernmentassistance.Independentschoolsarenotpartofnationaleducationsystem,buttheequalityofinstructionandstandardsaremaintainedthroughvisitsfromHerMajesty'

sInspectorsofSchools.Theseschoolsarerestrictedtothestudentswhoseparentsarecomparativelyrich.

Qualitypapers:

Theybelongtooneofthecategoriesofthenationaldailies.Theycarrymoreseriousandin-deptharticlesofparticularsocialandpoliticalimportance.Theyalsocarryreviewsandfeaturearticlesabouthighculture.Thereadersaregenerallywell-educatedmiddle-classpeople.

I.3.TheTimes（TheTimebeganpublishingin1785anditistheUnitedKingdom’soldestdailynewspaper）

1.ThethreetraditionsofChristmasinBritain:

TherearethreeChristmastraditionswhichareparticularlyBritish:

oneistheChristmasPantomime,acomicalmusicalplay.Themainmalecharacterisplayedbyayoungwomanwhilethemainfemalecharacter,oftenanuglywomancalled“theDame”,isplayedbyaman.AnotherBritishChristmastraditionsistoheartheQueengiveherChristmasmessagetoherrealmoverthetelevisionandradio.AthirdBritishtraditionisBoxingDay,whichfallsonthedayafterChristmas.Traditionally,itwasonBowingDaythatpeoplegaveChristmasgiftsormoneytotheirstafforservants.NowthatmostBritishpeopledonothaveservants,thiscustomisnolongerobserved.However,anewBoxingDaycustomhasemerged,inthecities:

shopping.ShopsopenuptoselloffalltheirChristmasstockdecorations,food,cardsandgiftitemsatlowprices.

TheBillofRightsof1689

In1688,KingJamesII’sdaughterMaryandherhusbandWilliamwereinvitedbythepoliticiansandchurchauthoritiestotakethethrone,onconditionthattheywouldrespecttherightsofParliament.TheBillofRightswaspassedin1689toensurethattheKingwouldneverbeabletoignoreParliament.

ThehierarchyoftheIrishlegalsystem:

Thecourtsarearrangedinahierarchy,insuchawaythatthejudgmentofonemaybeappealedtoanothercourtwhichhasgreaterpower.AtthebottomofthisladderistheDistrictCourt.ThenextrankisrepresentedbytheCircuitCourt,whichtriesmoreseriouscases.ThenextrankontheladderiscalledtheHighCourt.TheHighCourthasfulljurisdictionanddeterminingpowerinallmattersoflaworface,civilorcriminal.TheSupremeCourtisthecourtoffinalappeal.

“TheDreaming”

TheDreamingisthebeliefsystemfromancienttimesthathasboundindigenousgroupstogether.ThecentralprincipleoftheDreamingisthatthepeoplewholiveonthecontinenthavespecialresponsibilitiestotheland.Thepeopledon’towntheland,insteadthelandownsthepeople.ThestoriesodtheDreamingprovideprinciplesofhowpeopleshouldliveandinteractwitheachother.Theyalsoprovideknowledgeofthelandsothattheindigenouspeoplecansurviveinthelife-threateningenvironment.

1.Multiculturalism

Multiculturalismwasadoptedin1973.Itwascomprisedof3areasofpolicy:

CulturalIdentity,whichmeanstherighttoexpressandshareone’sculturalheritage;

SocialJustice,torighttoequaltreatmentandopportunity;

andEconomicEfficiency,theneedtomaintainanddeveloptheskillsofallAustraliansregardlessoftheirbackgrounds.

2.Alternativeformsofrenewableenergy

Alternativeformsofrenewableenergyincludewindfarms,solarpanels,biofuels,geothermal,oceanpowerandbiomass.Thetraditionalformsofenergyarefossilfuelssuchascoalandoil.Theyarenon-renewableandemitlargequantitiesofcarbondioxidewhichcausesairpollutionandglobalwarming.However,fossilfuelproductsstilldominateAustralianenergyconsumption.In2010,approximately84%oftheelectricityusedbyAustralianhomesandbyindustrycamefromcoal.Thekeypoliticalissueishowtoexchangethesepolluting,fossilfuelformsofenergywiththenon-polluting,renewableforms.

TheHouseofCommons

TheHouseofCommons:

TheHouseofCommonsistherealcenterofBritishpoliticallifebecauseitistheplacewhereabout650electedrepresentatives（membersofparliament）makeanddebatepolicy.TheseMPsareelectedintheGeneralElectionsandshouldrepresenttheinterestsofthepeoplewhovoteforthem.

The“Washminster”formofpolicy

Answer:

The“Washminster”formofpolicyisadoptedbytheAustraliangovernment.ItisamixtureoftheUSWashingtonsystemofgovernmentandtheBritishWestminstersystem.ThismeansthatthepoliticalstructureofthegovernmentisbasedontheFederationofStatesthreetiersystemofgovernment.However,thechiefexecutiveisaPrimeMinister,insteadofaPresidentasintheUSsystem.

1.TheCommonwealth

Intheauthor’sopinion,theCommonwealthisavoluntaryassociationofstateswhichismadeupofBritainandmostlyofformerBritishcolonies.Thereare54membersoftheCommonwealthincludingonecurrentlysuspendedmember:

manyofthesearedevelopingcountrieslikeIndiaandCyprus;

othersaredevelopednationslikeAustralia,CanadaandNewZealand.TheCommonwealthwassetupasaforumforcontinuedcooperationandasasortofsupportnetwork.

Footballhooligans

Footballhooligansreflecttheviolenceassociatedwithfootball.Whileallsocialclassesusedtojoininthelocalfootballmatch,itwasregardedasbeingnotatallsuitableforgentlemen.VisitorsfromabroadsometimescomplainedaboutstumblingintothemidstofaroughgamewhenwalkingthestreetsofLondon,whilelocalhouseholdersandmerchantsweretroubledbyhavingtheirwindowsbrokenbystrayfootballs.Drinkinghardwentalongwithplayinghard.Today,violenceisstillassociatedwithfootball.“footballhooligans”aresupportersofrivalteams.Theysometimesclashbefore,duringandaftermatchesandoccasionallyrunriotthroughthetown,breakingwindowsandbeatingeachotherup..

APECwasestablishedfromanAustralianinitiativein1989,whenCanberrahostedthefirstinformaldialoguewith12members.Sincethentheforumhasgrowntoinclude21membereconomiesandhasbecomeoneofsignificantworldeconomiesbodies:

the21APECMemberEconomiesrepresentover40percentoftheworld’spopulation,56percentofglobalGDP,andaround48percentofworldtrade.APEC’smissionistopromoteregionalstabilityandtoaddressglobalissuesincludingcounter-terrorism,non-proliferationandhealth.

SinnFein

SinnFeinisalegalpoliticalpartyinNorthernIrelandwhichsupportstheIRAtofightfortheunionofIreland.TheleadersofSinnFeinpreferunionwithIrelandbyatwincampaign,bothmilitaryandpoliticalwhichtheycalledthepolicyof“BulletandtheBallotBox“.ItbelievesthatwithouttheparticipationofSinnFeinthepoliticalproblemofNorthernIrelandcannotbethoroughlysolved.

Comprehensiveschools

ComprehensiveschoolsarethemostpopularsecondaryschoolsinBritaintoday.Suchschoolsadmitchildrenwithoutreferencetotheiracademicabilitiesandprovideageneraleducation.Pupilscanstudyeverythingformacademicsubjectslikeliteraturetomorepracticalsubjectslikecooking.

1.MainsectorsoftheU.K.economy:

theU.K.economyconsistsof3mainparts:

primaryindustries,suchasagriculture,fishingandmining;

secondaryindustrieswhichmanufacturecomplexgoodsfromtheseprimarythosegoods;

andtertiaryservicessuchasbanking,insurance,tourismandtheretailing.

2.Thecity:

itreferstothehistoricareaatthecenterofLondon.Itisoneofthebiggestfinancialcentersintheworldwithgreatestconcentrationofbanks,insurance,Companiesandbusinessdealingincommodities.AttheheartofthecityistheLondonStockExchange.

3.TheaerospaceindustryintheU.K.:

Britishaerospaceindustryisthethirdlargestintheworld,producingthefullofrangeofaerospaceproductsfromcivilaircraftstomissile,satellitesandjetengine.Itproduces2%oftheU.K.nationaloutput,accountingfor8%ofmanufactureexportsgoods.

APEC:

itwasestablishedfromanAustralianinitiativein1989,whenCanberrahostedthefirstinformaldialoguewith12members.Sincethentheforumhasgrowntoinclude21membereconomiesandhasbecomeoneofsignificantworldeconomicbodies:

the21APECMemberEconomiesrepresentover40percentoftheworld’spopulation,56percentofglobalGDP,andaround48percentofworldtrade.APEC’smissionistopromoteregionalstabilityandtoaddressglobalissuesincludingcounter-terrorism,non-proliferationandhealth.

TheGoodFridayAgreement

Asaresultofmulti-partynegotiations,theGoodFridayAgreementwasapprovedon10April1998.ThisagreementassurestheloyalistcommunitythatNorthernIrelandremainspartoftheUnitedKingdomanditwon’tchangeitspoliticalstatusunlessthemajorityofthepeopleofNorthernIrelandagree.Underthetermsoftheagreement,NorthernIrelandshouldbegovernedbythreeseparatejurisdictions:

thatoftheRepublicofIreland,thatofGreatBritainandthatofitsownelectedexecutivegovernmentoftenminist