外文文献翻译基于热释电红外传感器的智能家居室内感应定位系统文档格式.docx

外文文献翻译基于热释电红外传感器的智能家居室内感应定位系统文档格式.docx

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APyroelectricInfraredSensor-basedIndoorLocation-AwareSystemfortheSmartHome

SukLee,Member,IEEE,KyoungNamHa,KyungChangLee,Member,IEEE

Abstract—Smarthomeisexpectedtooffervariousintelligentservicesbyrecognizingresidentsalongwiththeirlifestyleandfeelings.Oneofthekeyissuesforrealizingthesmarthomeishowtodetectthelocationsofresidents.Currently,theresearcheffortisfocusedontwoapproaches:

terminal-basedandnon-terminal-basedmethods.Theterminal-basedmethodemploysatypeofdevicethatshouldbecarriedbytheresidentwhilethenon-terminal-basedmethodrequiresnosuchdevice.Thispaperpresentsanovelnon-terminal-basedapproachusinganarrayofpyroelectricinfraredsensors（PIRsensors）thatcandetectresidents.Thefeasibilityofthesystemisevaluatedexperimentallyonatestbed.

IndexTerms—smarthome,location-basedservice,pyroelectricinfraredsensor（PIRsensor）,location-recognitionalgorithm

I.INTRODUCTION

Thereisagrowinginterestinsmarthomeasawaytoofferaconvenient,comfortable,andsaferesidentialenvironment[1],[2].Ingeneral,thesmarthomeaimstoofferappropriateintelligentservicestoactivelyassistintheresident’slifesuchashousework,amusement,rest,andsleep.Hence,inordertoenhancetheresident’sconvenienceandsafety,devicessuchashomeappliances,multimediaappliances,andinternetappliancesshouldbeconnectedviaa

homenetworksystem,asshowninFig.1,andtheyshouldbecontrolledormonitoredremotelyusingatelevision（TV）orpersonaldigitalassistant（PDA）[3],[4].

Fig.1.Architectureofthehomenetworksystemforsmarthome

Especially,attentionhasbeenfocusedonlocation-basedservicesasawaytoofferhigh-qualityintelligentservices,whileconsideringhumanfactorssuchaspatternofliving,health,andfeelingsofaresident[5]-[7].Thatis,ifthesmarthomecanrecognizetheresident’spatternoflivingorhealth,thenhomeappliancesshouldbeabletoanticipatetheresident’sneedsandofferappropriateintelligentservicemoreactively.Forexample,inapassiveserviceenvironment,theresidentcontrolstheoperationoftheHVAC（heating,ventilating,andairconditioning）system,whilethesmarthomewouldcontrolthetemperatureandhumidityofaroomaccordingtotheresident’scondition.Variousindoorlocation-awaresystemshavebeendevelopedtorecognizetheresident’slocationinthesmarthomeorsmartoffice.Ingeneral,indoorlocation-awaresystemshavebeenclassifiedintothreetypesaccordingtothemeasurementtechnology:

triangulation,sceneanalysis,andproximitymethods[8].Thetriangulationmethodusesmultipledistancesfrommultipleknownpoints.ExamplesincludeActiveBadges[9],ActiveBats[10],andEasyLiving[11],whichuseinfraredsensors,ultrasonicsensors,andvisionsensors,respectively.Thesceneanalysismethodexaminesaviewfromaparticularvantagepoint.RepresentativeexamplesofthesceneanalysismethodareMotionStar[12],whichusesaDCmagnetictracker,andRADAR[13],whichusesIEEE802.11wirelesslocalareanetwork（LAN）.Finally,theproximitymethodmeasuresnearnesstoaknownsetofpoints.AnexampleoftheproximitymethodisSmartFloor[14],whichusespressuresensors.

Alternatively,indoorlocation-awaresystemscanbeclassifiedaccordingtotheneedforaterminalthatshouldbecarriedbytheresident.Terminal-basedmethods,suchasActiveBats,donotrecognizetheresident’slocationdirectly,butperceivethelocationofadevicecarriedbytheresident,suchasaninfraredtransceiverorradiofrequencyidentification（RFID）tag.Therefore,itisimpossibletorecognizetheresident’slocationifheorsheisnotcarryingthedevice.Incontrast,non-terminalmethodssuchasEasyLivingandSmartFloorcanfindtheresident’slocationwithoutsuchdevices.However,EasyLivingcanberegardedtoinvadetheresident’sprivacywhiletheSmartFloorhasdifficultywithextendibilityandmaintenance.

Thispaperpresentsanon-terminalbasedlocation-awaresystemthatusesanarrayofpyroelectricinfrared（PIR）sensors[15],[16].ThePIRsensorsontheceilingdetectthepresenceofaresidentandarelaidoutsothatdetectionareasofadjacentsensorsoverlap.BycombiningtheoutputsofmultiplePIRsensors,thesystemisabletolocatearesidentwithareasonabledegreeofaccuracy.Thissystemhasinherentadvantageofnon-terminalbasedmethodswhile

avoidingprivacyandextendibility,maintenanceissues.Inordertodemonstrateitsefficacy,anexperimentaltestbedhasbeenconstructed,andtheproposedsystemhasbeenevaluatedexperimentallyundervariousexperimentalconditions.Thispaperisorganizedintofoursections,includingthisintroduction.SectionIIpresentsthearchitectureofthePIRsensor-basedindoorlocation-awaresystem（PILAS）,andthelocation-recognitionalgorithm.SectionIIIdescribesaresident-detectionmethodusingPIRsensors,andevaluatestheperformanceofthesystemundervariousconditionsusinganexperimentaltestbed.Finally,asummaryandthe

conclusionsarepresentedinSectionIV.

II.ARCHITECTUREOFTHEPIRSENSOR-BASEDINDOOR

LOCATION-AWARESYSTEM

A.Frameworkofthesmarthome

Giventheindoorenvironmentofthesmarthome,anindoorlocation-awaresystemmustsatisfythefollowingrequirements.First,thelocation-awaresystemshouldbeimplementedata

relativelylowcostbecausemanysensorshavetobeinstalledinroomsofdifferentsizestodetecttheresidentinthesmarthome.Second,sensorinstallationmustbeflexiblebecausetheshapeofeachroomisdifferentandthereareobstaclessuchashomeappliancesandfurniture,whichpreventthenormaloperationofsensors.Thethirdrequirementisthatthesensorsforthelocation-awaresystemhavetoberobusttonoise,andshouldnotbeaffectedbytheirsurroundings.ThisisbecausethesmarthomecanmakeuseofvariouswirelesscommunicationmethodssuchaswirelessLANorradio-frequency（RF）systems,whichproduceelectromagneticnoise,ortheremaybesignificantchangesinlightortemperaturethatcanaffectsensorperformance.Finally,itisdesirablethatthesystem’saccuracyisadjustableaccordingtoroomtypes.

Amongmanysystemsthatsatisfytherequirement,thePIRsensor-basedsystemhasnotattractedmuchattentioneventhoughthesystemhasseveraladvantages.ThePIRsensors,whichhavebeenusedtoturnonalightwhenitdetectshumanmovement,arelessexpensivethanmanyothersensors.Inaddition,becausePIRsensorsdetecttheinfraredwavelengthemittedfromhumansbetween9.4~10.4μm,theyarereasonablyrobusttotheirsurroundings,intermsoftemperature,humidity,andelectromagneticnoise.Moreover,itispossibletocontrolthelocationaccuracyofthesystembyadjustingthesensingradiusofaPIRsensor,andPIRsensorsareeasilyinstalledontheceiling,wheretheyarenotaffectedbythestructureofaroomoranyobstacles.

Figure2showstheframeworkforthePILASinasmarthomethatofferslocation-basedintelligentservicestoaresident.Withinthisframework,variousdevicesareconnectedviaahomenetworksystem,includingPIRsensors,roomterminals,asmarthomeserver,andhomeappliances.Here,eachroomisregardedasacell,andtheappropriatenumberofPIRsensorsisinstalledontheceilingofeachcelltoprovidesufficientlocationaccuracyforthelocation-basedservices.EachPIRsensorattemptstodetecttheresidentataconstantperiod,andtransmitsitssensinginformationtoaroomterminalviathehomenetworksystem.

Fig.2.FrameworkofsmarthomeforthePILAS.

Consequently,theroomterminalrecognizestheresident’slocationbyintegratingthesensorinformationreceivedfromallofthesensorsbelongingtoonecell,andtransmitstheresident’slocationtothesmarthomeserverthatcontrolsthehomeappliancestoofferlocation-basedintelligentservicestotheresident.

Withinthisframework,thesmarthomeserverhasthefollowingfunctions.1）Thevirtualmapgeneratormakesavirtualmapofthesmarthome（generatingavirtualmap）,andwritesthelocationinformationoftheresident,whichisreceivedfromaroomterminal,onthevirtualmap（writingtheresident’slocation）.Then,itmakesamovingtrajectoryoftheresidentbyconnectingthesuccessivelocationsoftheresident（trackingtheresident’smovement）.2）Thehomeappliancecontrollertransmitscontrolcommandstohomeappliancesviathehomenetworksystemtoprovideintelligentservicestotheresident.3）Themovingpatternpredictorsavesthecurrentmovementtrajectoryoftheresident,thecurrentactionofhomeappliances,andparametersreflectingthecurrenthomeenvironmentsuchasthetime,temperature,humidity,andillumination.Afterstoringsufficientinformation,itmaybepossibletoofferhuman-orientedintelligentservicesinwhichthehomeappliancesspontaneouslyprovideservicestosatisfyhumanneeds.Forexample,ifthesmarthomeserver“knows”thattheresidentnormallywakesupat7:

00A.M.andtakesashower,itmaybepossibletoturnonthelampsandsomemusic.Inaddition,thetemperatureoftheshowerwatercanbesetautomaticallyfortheresident.

B.Location-recognitionalgorithm

Inordertodeterminethelocationofaresidentwithinaroom,anarrayofPIRsensorsareusedasshowninFig.3.Inthefigure,thesensingareaofeachPIRsensorisshownasacircle,andthesensingareasoftwoormoresensorsoverlap.Consequently,whenaresidententersoneofthesensingareas,thesystemdecideswhetherhe/shebelongstoanysens