外文翻译步进电机基础Word格式文档下载.docx
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Advantages
1.Therotationangleofthemotorisproportionaltotheinputpulse.
2.Themotorhasfulltorqueatstandstill(ifthewindingsareenergized)
3.Precisepositioningandrepeatabilityofmovementsincegoodsteppermotorshaveanaccuracyof3–5%ofastepandthiserrorisnoncumulativefromonesteptothenext.
4.Excellentresponsetostarting/stopping/reversing.
5.Veryreliablesincetherearenocontactbrushesinthemotor.Thereforethelifeofthemotorissimplydependantonthelifeofthebearing.
6.Themotorsresponsetodigitalinputpulsesprovidesopen-loopcontrol,makingthemotorsimplerandlesscostlytocontrol.
7.Itispossibletoachieveverylowspeedsynchronousrotationwithaloadthatisdirectlycoupledtotheshaft.
8.Awiderangeofrotationalspeedscanberealizedasthespeedisproportionaltothefrequencyoftheinputpulses.
Disadvantages
1.Resonancescanoccurifnotproperlycontrolled.
2.Noteasytooperateatextremelyhighspeeds.
OpenLoopOperation
Oneofthemostsignificantadvantagesofasteppermotorisitsabilitytobeaccuratelycontrolledinanopenloopsystem.Openloopcontrolmeansnofeedbackinformationaboutpositionisneeded.Thistypeofcontroleliminatestheneedforexpensivesensingandfeedbackdevicessuchasopticalencoders.Yourpositionisknownsimplybykeepingtrackoftheinputsteppulses.
StepperMotorTypes
Therearethreebasicsteppermotortypes.Theyare:
•Variable-reluctance
•Permanent-magnet
•Hybrid
Variable-reluctance(VR)
Thistypeofsteppermotorhasbeenaroundforalongtime.Itisprobablytheeasiesttounderstandfromastructuralpointofview.Figure1showsacrosssectionofatypicalV.R.steppermotor.Thistypeofmotorconsistsofasoftironmulti-toothedrotorandawoundstator.WhenthestatorwindingsareenergizedwithDCcurrentthepolesbecomemagnetized.Rotationoccurswhentherotorteethareattractedtotheenergizedstatorpoles.
Figure1.Cross-sectionofavariablereluctance(VR)motor.
PermanentMagnet(PM)
Oftenreferredtoasa“tincan”or“canstock”motorthepermanentmagnetstepmotorisalowcostandlowresolutiontypemotorwithtypicalstepanglesof7.5°
to15°
.(48–24steps/revolution)PMmotorsasthenameimplieshavepermanentmagnetsaddedtothemotorstructure.TherotornolongerhasteethaswiththeVRmotor.Insteadtherotorismagnetizedwithalternatingnorthandsouthpolessituatedinastraightlineparalleltotherotorshaft.ThesemagnetizedrotorpolesprovideanincreasedmagneticfluxintensityandbecauseofthisthePMmotorexhibitsimprovedtorquecharacteristicswhencomparedwiththeVRtype.
Hybrid(HB)
ThehybridsteppermotorismoreexpensivethanthePMsteppermotorbutprovidesbetterperformancewithrespecttostepresolution,torqueandspeed.TypicalstepanglesfortheHBsteppermotorrangefrom3.6°
to0.9°
(100–400stepsperrevolution).ThehybridsteppermotorcombinesthebestfeaturesofboththePMandVRtypesteppermotors.Therotorismulti-toothedliketheVRmotorandcontainsanaxiallymagnetizedconcentricmagnetarounditsshaft.Theteethontherotorprovideanevenbetterpathwhichhelpsguidethemagneticfluxtopreferredlocationsintheairgap.Thisfurtherincreasesthedetent,holdinganddynamictorquecharacteristicsofthemotorwhencomparedwithboththeVRandPMtypes.
Thetwomostcommonlyusedtypesofsteppermotorsarethepermanentmagnetandthehybridtypes.IfadesignerisnotsurewhichtypewillbestfithisapplicationsrequirementsheshouldfirstevaluatethePMtypeasitisnormallyseveraltimeslessexpensive.Ifnotthenthehybridmotormaybetherightchoice.
Therealsoexcistsomespecialsteppermotordesigns.Oneisthediscmagnetmotor.Heretherotorisdesignedsaadiscwithrareearthmagnets,Seefig.5.Thismotortypehassomeadvantagessuchasverylowinertiaandaoptimizedmagneticflowpathwithnocouplingbetweenthetwostatorwindings.Thesequalitiesareessentialinsomeapplications.
SizeandPower
Inadditiontobeingclassifiedbytheirstepanglesteppermotorsarealsoclassifiedaccordingtoframesizeswhichcorrespondtothediameterofthebodyofthemotor.Forinstanceasize11steppermotorhasabodydiameterofapproximately1.1inches.Likewiseasize23steppermotorhasabodydiameterof2.3inches(58mm),etc.Thebodylengthmayhowever,varyfrommotortomotorwithinthesameframesizeclassification.Asageneralruletheavailabletorqueoutputfromamotorofaparticularframesizewillincreasewithincreasedbodylength.
PowerlevelsforIC-drivensteppermotorstypicallyrangefrombelowawattforverysmallmotorsupto10–20wattsforlargermotors.Themaximumpowerdissipationlevelorthermallimitsofthemotorareseldomclearlystatedinthemotormanufacturers
data.TodeterminethiswemustapplytherelationshipP=V×
IForexample,asize23stepmotormayberatedat6Vand1Aperphase.Therefore,withtwophasesenergized
themotorhasaratedpowerdissipationof12watts.Itisnormalpracticetorateasteppermotoratthepowerdissipationlevelwherethemotorcaserises65°
Cabovetheambientinstillair.Therefore,ifthemotorcanbemountedtoaheatsinkitisoftenpossibletoincreasetheallowablepowerdissipationlevel.Thisisimportantasthemotorisdesignedtobeandshouldbeusedatitsmaximumpowerdissipation,tobeefficientfrom
asize/outputpower/costpointofview.
WhentoUseaStepperMotor
Asteppermotorcanbeagoodchoicehenevercontrolledmovementisequired.Theycanbeusedtoadvantageinapplicationswhereyouneedtocontrolrotationangle,speed,positionandsynchronism.Becauseoftheinherentadvantageslistedpreviously,steppermotorshavefoundtheirplaceinmanydifferentapplications.Someoftheseincludeprinters,plotters,highendofficeequipment,harddiskdrives,medicalequipment,faxmachines,automotiveandmanymore.
TheRotatingMagneticField
Whenaphasewindingofasteppermotorisenergizedwithcurrentamagneticfluxisdevelopedinthestator.ThedWhenaphasewindingofasteppermotorisenergizedwithcurrentamagneticfluxisdevelopedirectionofthisfluxisdeterminedbythe“RightHand
Rule”whichstates:
“Ifthecoilisgraspedintherighthandwiththefingerspointinginthedirectionofthecurrentinthewinding(thethumbisextendedata90°
angletothefingers),thenthethumbwillpointinthedirectionofthemagneticfield.”
Figure2showsthemagneticfluxpathdevelopedwhenphaseBisenergizedwithwindingcurrentinthedirectionshown.Therotorthenalignsitselfsothatthefluxoppositionisminimized.InthiscasethemotorwouldrotateclockwisesothatitssouthpolealignswiththenorthpoleofthestatorBatposition2anditsnorthpolealignswiththesouthpoleofstatorBatposition6.Togetthemotortorotatewecannowseethatwemustprovideasequenceofenergizingthestatorwindingsinsuchafashionthatprovidesarotatingmagneticfluxfieldwhichtherotorfollowsduetomagneticattraction.
Figure2Magneticfluxpaththroughatwo-polesteppermotorwithalagbetweentherotorandstator.
TorqueGeneration
Thetorqueproducedbyasteppermotordependsonseveralfactors.
•Thesteprate
•Thedrivecurrentinthewindings
•Thedrivedesignortype
Inasteppermotoratorqueisdevelopedwhenthemagneticfluxesoftherotorandstatoraredisplacedfromeachother.Thestatorismadeupofahighpermeabilitymagneticmaterial.Thepresenceofthishighpermeabilitymaterialcausesthemagneticfluxtobeconfinedforthemostparttothepathsdefinedbythestatorstructureinthesamefashionthatcurrentsareconfinedtotheconductorsofanelectroniccircuit.Thisservestoconcentratethefluxatthestatorpoles.Thetorqueoutputproducedbythemotorisproportionaltotheintensityofthemagneticfluxgeneratedwhenthewindingisenergized.
Thebasicrelationshipwhichdefinestheintensityofthemagneticfluxisdefinedby:
H=(N×
i)÷
lwhere:
N=Thenumberofwindingturns
i=current
H=Magneticfieldintensity
l=Magneticfluxpathlength
Thisrelationshipshowsthatthemagneticfluxintensityandconsequentlythetorqueisproportionaltothenumberofwindingturnsandthecurrentandinverselyproportionaltothelengthofthemagneticfluxpath.Fromthisbasicrelationshiponecanseethatthesameframesizesteppermotorcouldhaveverydifferenttorqueoutputcapabilitiessimplybychangingthewindingparameters.Moredetailedinformationonhowthewindingparametersaffecttheoutputcapabilityofthemotorcanbefoundintheapplicationnoteentitled“DriveCircuitBasics”.
SteppingModes
Thefollowingarethemostcommondrivemodes.
•WaveDrive(1phaseon)
•Fu