商业建筑外文文献翻译).doc

上传人:wj 文档编号:8503825 上传时间:2023-05-13 格式:DOC 页数:6 大小:48KB
下载 相关 举报
商业建筑外文文献翻译).doc_第1页
第1页 / 共6页
商业建筑外文文献翻译).doc_第2页
第2页 / 共6页
商业建筑外文文献翻译).doc_第3页
第3页 / 共6页
商业建筑外文文献翻译).doc_第4页
第4页 / 共6页
商业建筑外文文献翻译).doc_第5页
第5页 / 共6页
商业建筑外文文献翻译).doc_第6页
第6页 / 共6页
亲,该文档总共6页,全部预览完了,如果喜欢就下载吧!
下载资源
资源描述

商业建筑外文文献翻译).doc

《商业建筑外文文献翻译).doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《商业建筑外文文献翻译).doc(6页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。

商业建筑外文文献翻译).doc

CommercialBuildings

Abstract:

Aguideandgeneralreferenceonelectricaldesignforcommercialbuildingsisprovided.Itcoversloadcharacteristics;voltageconsiderations;powersourcesanddistributionapparatus;controllers;services,vaults,andelectricalequipmentrooms;wiringsystems;systemsprotectionandcoordination;lighting;electricspaceconditioning;transportation;communicationsystemsplanning;facilityautomation;expansion,modernization,andrehabilitation;specialrequirementsbyoccupancy;andelectricalenergymanagement.Althoughdirectedtothepowerorientedengineerwithlimitedcommercialbuildingexperience,itcanbeanaidtoallengineersresponsiblefortheelectricaldesignofcommercialbuildings.Thisrecommendedpracticeisnotintendedtobeacompletehandbook;however,itcandirecttheengineertotexts,periodicals,andreferencesforcommercialbuildingsandactasaguidethroughthemyriadofcodes,standards,andpracticespublishedbytheIEEE,otherprofessionalassociations,andgovernmentalbodies.

Keywords:

Commercialbuildings,electricpowersystems,loadcharacteristics

1.Introduction

1.1Scope

Thisrecommendedpracticewillprobablybeofgreatestvaluetothepowerorientedengineerwithlimitedcommercialbuildingexperience.Itcanalsobeanaidtoallengineersresponsiblefortheelectricaldesignofcommercialbuildings.

However,itisnotintendedasareplacementforthemanyexcellentengineeringtextsandhandbookscommonlyinuse,norisitdetailedenoughtobeadesignmanual.Itshouldbeconsideredaguideandgeneralreferenceonelectricaldesignforcommercialbuildings.

1.2CommercialBuildings

Theterm“commercial,residential,andinstitutionalbuildings”asusedinthischapter,encompassesallbuildingsotherthanindustrialbuildingsandprivatedwellings.Itincludesofficeandapartmentbuildings,hotels,schools,andchurches,marine,air,railway,andbusterminals,departmentstores,retailshops,governmentalbuildings,hospitals,nursinghomes,mentalandcorrectionalinstitutions,theaters,sportsarenas,andotherbuildingsservingthepublicdirectly.Buildings,orpartsofbuildings,withinindustrialcomplexes,whichareusedasofficesormedicalfacilitiesorforsimilarnonindustrialpurposes,fallwithinthescopeofthisrecommendedpractice.

Today’scommercialbuildings,becauseoftheirincreasingsizeandcomplexity,havebecomemoreandmoredependentuponadequateandreliableelectricsystems.Onecanbetterunderstandthecomplexnatureofmoderncommercialbuildingsbyexaminingthesystems,equipment,andfacilitieslistedin1.2.1.

1.2.2ElectricalDesignElements

Inspiteofthewidevarietyofcommercial,residential,andinstitutionalbuildings,someelectricaldesignelementsarecommontoall.Theseelements,listedbelow,willbediscussedgenerallyinthissectionandindetailintheremainingsectionsofthisrecommendedpractice.Theprincipaldesignelementsconsideredinthedesignofthepower,lighting,andauxiliarysystemsinclude:

1)Magnitudes,quality,characteristics,demand,andcoincidenceordiversityofloadsandloadfactors

2)Service,distribution,andutilizationvoltagesandvoltageregulation

3)Flexibilityandprovisionsforexpansion

4)Reliabilityandcontinuity

5)Safetyofpersonnelandproperty

6)Initialandmaintainedcost

7)Operationandmaintenance

8)Faultcurrentandsystemcoordination

9)Powersources

10)Distributionsystems

11)Legallyrequiredandoptionalstandby/emergencypowersystems

12)Energyconservation,demand,andcontrol

13)Conformancewithregulatoryrequirements

14)Specialrequirementsofthesiterelatedto:

seismicrequirements,altitude,soundlevels,security,exposuretophysicalelements,firehazards,hazardouslocations,andpowerconditioninganduninterruptiblepowersupply(UPS)systems

1.10Safety

Safetyoflifeandpreservationofpropertyaretwoofthemostimportantfactorsinthedesignoftheelectricsystem.

Thisisespeciallytrueincommercialbuildingsbecauseofpublicoccupancy,thoroughfare,andhighoccupancydensity.Inmanycommercialbuildings,thesystemsoperatingstaffhaveverylimitedtechnicalcapabilitiesandmaynothaveanyspecificelectricaltraining.

Variouscodesproviderulesandregulationsasminimumsafeguardsoflifeandproperty.Theelectricaldesignengineermayoftenprovidegreatersafeguardsthanoutlinedinthecodesaccordingtohisorherbestjudgment,whilealsogivingconsiderationtoutilizationandeconomics.

Personnelsafetymaybedividedintotwocategories:

1)Safetyformaintenanceandoperatingpersonnel

2)Safetyforthegeneralpublic

Safetyformaintenanceandoperatingpersonnelisachievedthroughtheproperdesignandselectionofequipmentwithregardtoenclosures,key-interlocking,circuitbreakerandfuse-interruptingcapacity,theuseofhigh-speedfaultdetectionandcircuit-openingdevices,clearances,groundingmethods,andidentificationofequipment.

Safetyforthegeneralpublicrequiresthatallcircuit-makingandcircuit-breakingequipment,aswellasotherelectricalapparatus,beisolatedfromcasualcontact.Thisisachievedbyusingdead-frontequipment,lockedroomsandenclosures,propergrounding,limitingoffaultlevels,installationofbarriersandotherisolation(includingspecialventilatinggrills),properclearances,adequateinsulation,andsimilarprovisionsoutlinedinthisrecommendedpractice.

Circuitprotectionisafundamentalsafetyrequirementofallelectricsystems.Adequateinterruptingcapacitiesarerequiredinservices,feeders,andbranchcircuits.Selective,automaticisolationoffaultedcircuitsrepresentsgoodengineeringpractice.Faultprotection,whichiscoveredinChapter9,shouldbedesignedandcoordinatedthroughoutthesystem.Physicalprotectionofequipmentfromdamageortampering,andexposureofunprotectedequipmenttoelectrical,chemical,andmechanicaldamageisnecessary.

1.12DesignConsiderations

Electricalequipmentusuallyoccupiesarelativelysmallpercentageoftotalbuildingspace,and,indesign,itmaybeeasiertorelocateelectricalserviceareasthanmechanicalareasorstructuralelements.Allocationofspaceforelectricalareasisoftengivensecondaryconsiderationbyarchitecturalandrelatedspecialties.Inthecompetingsearchforspace,theelectricalengineerisresponsibleforfulfillingtherequirementsforaproperelectricalinstallationwhileatthesametimerecognizingtheflexibilityofelectricsystemsintermsoflayoutandplacement.

Architecturalconsiderationsandappearancesareofparamountimportanceindeterminingthemarketabilityofabuilding.Aestheticconsiderationsmayplayanimportantroleintheselectionofequipment,especiallylightingequipment.Providedthatthedictatesofgoodpractice,coderequirements,andenvironmentalconsiderationsarenotviolated,theelectricalengineermayhavetonegotiatedesigncriteriatoaccommodatethedesiresofothermembersofthedesignteam.

1.12.1CoordinationofDesign

Theelectricalengineerisconcernedwithprofessionalassociatessuchasthearchitect,themechanicalengineer,thestructuralengineer,and,whereundergroundservicesareinvolved,thecivilengineer.Theymustalsobeconcernedwiththebuilderandthebuildingowneroroperatorwho,asclients,maytakeanactiveinterestinthedesign.Moreoften,theelectricalengineerwillworkdirectlywiththecoordinatorofoveralldesignactivities,usuallythearchitect,ortheprojectmanager;andmustcooperatewiththesafetyengineer,fireprotectionengineer,perhapstheenvironmentalenginner,andahostofotherconcernedpeople,suchasspaceplannersandinteriordecorators,allofwhomhaveasayintheultimatedesign.Theelectricaldesignermustbecomefamiliarwithlocalrulesandknowtheauthoritieshavingjurisdictionoverthedesignandconstruction.Itcanbeinconvenientandembarrassingtohaveanelectricalprojectheldupatthelastmomentbecauseproperpermitshavenotbeenobtained,forexample,apermitforastreetclosingtoallowinstallationofutilitiestothesiteoranenvironmentalpermitforanon-sitegenerator.

Localcontractorsareusuallyfamiliarwithlocalordinancesandunionworkrulesandcanbeofgreathelpinavoidingpitfalls.Inperformingelectricaldesign,itisessential,attheoutset,toprepareachecklistofallthedesignstagesthathavetobeconsidered.Majoritemsincludetemporarypower,accesstothesite,andreviewbyothers.Certainelectricalworkmayappearinnonelectricalsectionsofthespecifications.Forexample,thefurnishingandconnectingofelectricmotorsandmotorcontrollersmaybecoveredinthemechanicalsectionofthespecifications.Foradministrativecontrolpurposes,theelectricalworkmaybedividedintoanumberofcontracts,someofwhichmaybeunderthecontrolofageneralcontractorandsomeofwhichmaybeawardedtoelectricalcontractors.Amongitemswithwhichthedesignerwillbeconcernedare:

preliminarycostestimates,finalcostestimates,plansordrawings,technicalspecifications(whicharethewrittenpresentationofthework),materials,manuals,factoryinspections,laboratorytests,andtemporarypower.Thedesignermayalsobeinvolvedinprovidinginformationonelectricalconsiderationsthataffectfinancialjustificationoftheprojectintermsofowningandoperatingcosts,amortization,returnoninvestment,andrelateditems.

Manyelectricaldesignsfollowtheconceptofcompetitivenessinthecommercialsense.Here,costisaprimaryconsideration,andsuchdesignstendtowardminimumcoderequirements.Thereisgreatpressureonthedesignertoconsidercostabovemaintainabi

展开阅读全文
相关资源
猜你喜欢
相关搜索
资源标签

当前位置:首页 > 高等教育 > 军事

copyright@ 2008-2023 冰点文库 网站版权所有

经营许可证编号:鄂ICP备19020893号-2