二维码外文文献Word格式文档下载.docx

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AreadabilityanalysisforQRcodeapplicationinatraceabilitysystem

LasloTarjan

Abstract

Traceabilityofdatathroughtransformationstagesofeachindividualfoodproduct,startingfromrawproductsandtothefinalproduct,aswellasprintingthekeydataontheproductpackage,addstotheconsumers’trustinproductquality.Foreachfoodproduct,itisnecessarytotrackdatastartingfromthestageofrawproductsfarming,throughfoodprocessing,transport,warehousing,toretailingandreachingtheendconsumer.Inordertoallowinsighttothekeydatatotheuser（mostlyendconsumer）,thispapersuggestsrecordingthedataontheproductpackageintheformofaquickresponsetwo-dimensionalbarcode（QRcode）inkeypointsoftheproduct’slifecycle.Forefficientfunctioningoftheproposedsystem,itisessentialtoensurefastandreliableoperationthroughproperplacementoftheQRcodeonthepackageduringproduction,andfastandeasydatareadingbytheproductconsumer.ThispaperpresentstheresultsofareadabilityanalysisofQRcodeofvariablecontents,sizeanddataerrorcorrectionlevel,whicharereadbysmartphonesrunninganAndroidplatform.Theexperimentswereperformedwithvarioustypesofbasematerialonwhichthecodewasprinted.Furthermore,QRcodereadabilityanalysiswasconductedinthecasewhenthereisageometricdeformationofthecode.Basedonthedetailedanalysisofthecollecteddata,itcanbeconcludedthatQRcodereadabilityisnotdirectlyinfluencedbythenumberofcodedcharacters,orbytheerrorcorrectionlevel,butonlybythesizeofmodulesthatconstitutethecode.Furthermore,theresultsshowthatthechangeofthebasematerialdoesnotinfluencethereadtime,butinfluencesthecodereadability.Thepaperfurtherpresentsanexampleoftheproposedtraceabilitysystem,wheretheQRcodesareusedfordatatrackingandtracingforfruityogurts,basedontherecommendationsgainedthroughthereadabilityanalysis.Thistraceabilitysystemconceptisuniversalandcanbeusedforvariousproductswithslightmodifications.

Keywords:

Traceability;

QRcode;

Barcode;

Mobilephone;

Readability

1.Introduction

Foodproducttraceabilityisatopicthatdrawsattentionofanincreasing numberofresearchersintheworld.Inordertosetatraceabilitysystem,itisnecessarytoprovideupdateddatathatissignificanttotheuser,suchastheproductorigin,processingmode,storingconditions,andexpirationdate.Ineachsystemthereisacriticalpointwherethesystematicinformationlossoccurswhentheinformationaboutaproductorprocessisnotlinkedtoaproductandrecordedsystematically（Huetal.,2013）,thusitisimportanttosetthesystemsothatthepotentialcriticalpointsarerecognizedandtheproblemseliminatedbeforetheimplementationofthetraceabilitysystem.

Theappearanceoftheavianandswineinfluenza,bovinespongiformencephalopathy（“themadcowdisease”）aswellasfrequentoccurrenceofundesirablesubstances（pesticides,heavymetals,etc.）infoodproductsincreasestheneedforanefficientsystemfortracingtheoriginandtheprocessingconditionsoffoodduringproduction,transportandwarehousing.Producttraceabilityisanefficientwayforincreasingfoodsafetyandqualityandtoreducetheexpensesforwithdrawalofproblematicproductsfromthemarket（Regattierietal.,2007）,aswellastoimproveproductionstrategiesinacompany（SaltiniandAkkerman,2012）andproductioncontrol（Saltinietal.,2013）.Producttraceabilityisextremelyimportantforperishableproductsindustry（Lavelli,2013）.TheEuropeanUnioncountries,thisareaisregulatedwithEuropeanstandardsfortraceabilityandBestAvailableTechnology（BAT）,aslaiddowninENISO2205:

2007standardsandtheEuropeanDirective2008/1/EC（Standardization,2007）.Ontheotherhand,itisshownthatthemodernwayoflifeleadstoseparationofusers（consumers）andproducersoffoodproducts（farmers,agriculturalists）fromeachother（Freweretal.,2005,HarperandMakatouni,2002,Marí

a,2006,Phuong,2013andVerbeke,2005）.Thisseparationinfluencestheincreaseinconsumersdistrustinthefoodproductquality,differentinterpretationsofconditionsinwhichtheanimalsshouldbeheldinordertogainsatisfactoryqualityoffoodproductsfromacertainlandproperty（BosonaandGebresenbet,2013andVanhonackeretal.,2008）.

Astudy（Zhangetal.,2012）showsthattheconsumersarewillingtopayasignificantpositivepricepremiumforfoodtraceability,assuchasystemgreatlyinfluencestheconsumerstrustinacertainproduct（ChenandHuang,2013）.（Cunhaetal.,2010）showsasystemforvineyardidentificationandvineoriginbasedonaQRcodeprintedonthecontainerwherethevineistransported.ByreadingtheQRcodebythemobilephoneandusingtheinternet,ausercangetinformationabouttheorigin,weatherandotherconditionsinthefieldduringthegrowthofgrapes.Thisprojectalsousedothertechnologies,liketheRFIDtags,determininglocationbyGPS,measurementoftemperature,humidityandairpollution.Asimilarconceptoftraceabilityisshownin（Ruiz-Garciaetal.,2010）,wheredatafromthefieldarecollectedthroughweb-basedsystemsfordataprocessing.

Therearealsostudieswhereproducttraceabilityisusedinanalysisofproductqualityattheendofproductlifecycleandtheproductsareclassifiedbasedontheseresults（Papettietal.,2012andZhangetal.,2010）.

（Qianetal.,2012）DescribeastudywithaprimarygoaltodevelopaWheatFlourMillingTraceabilitySystem（WFMTS）,incorporating2Dbarcodeandradiofrequencyidentification（RFID）technology,andtovalidatethesysteminawheatflourmillinChinese.TracingeachindividualproductisbasedonapplicationofQRcodes,andtracingacontainerwithseveralproductsisbasedonapplicationofRFIDtags.Thesystemdescribedbythisstudyissuccessfullyimplementedinarealworldapplication.

Applicationof2Dcodesisalsopresentatfarms,andthus（Frö

schleetal.,2009）presentsresultsthatindicateapplicabilityofDataMatrixcodesforproducttraceabilityforeachindividualanimalatpoultryfarms.Thecodesareprintedonthebeakandfeetoftheanimal,andthereadingofcodesisperformedbyopticaldevices.Itwasshownthatthecodesprintedonthebeakhavebetterreadratesthanthoseprintedonthefeet.Anothersimilarresearch（McInerneyetal.,2011aandMcInerneyetal.,2011b）analyzedtheinfluenceofrenewingthesurfaceofthechickenbeakduringthetraceabilityperiodtothereadabilityoflinearand2Dbarcodesthatwereprintedonthebeak.Itwasshownthatregardlessoftherenewingofthebeakcells,the

codesaremostlyreadable.Potentialtwo-dimensionalcodesforapplicationinautomatedmanufacturing,suchasthefoodproduction,ispresentedinthepaper（OsmanandFurness,2000）.

Ourresearchisaimingto developauniversalsystemforfoodproductstraceability,whichcouldbeappliedinallormostofthefoodindustrytypes.ThemainideaistotransfertheimportantinformationintheQRcodeformatontheproductorproductpackagingtothesubsequentuserinthefoodchain,whichcanbeeasilyreadbya2Dbarcodereaderorasmartphone,andtheinformationcanbegainedimmediatelyon-the-spot（Chenetal.,2013）.InordertobasesuchasystemonQRcodes,itisessentialtoensurefastandeasydecodingaswellasruggednessofthecodes（Liangetal.,2013）.TheresearchpresentedinthispaperwasconductedinordertogetaclearimageofpossibilitiesofpackagingmaterialapplicationforprintingtheQRcodesfortransferringinformationabouttheproduct.Ontheotherhand,itisimportanttodeterminethereadspeedandsuccessrateforvarioussizesofQRcodes,inordertoselectthemostreliablesolution.Also,theinfluenceoftheerrorcorrectionlevelsontheQRcodereadabilitywasanalyzed,whichprovidesdatarecoveryinthecaseofcodedamage,butadditionallyincreasesthedensityofmodulesinthecode.

Theremainderofthepaperisorganizedasfollows.Section2presentstheobjectivesoftheresearch.Italsodescribesthedraftofthemodelfortheproducttraceabilitysystembyusingkeydataabouttheproduct,andshowsthebasicinformationaboutthestructureofQRcodes,aswellasthesoftwaretoolforworkingwithQRcodes.

Section3describesthetwophasesoftheconductedexperiments.Section4presentstheobtainedresults.Section5showsanexamplesystemforfruityogurtproduction,wherethetraceabilitysystemissetbasedonthedatacontainedintheQRcode.Thefinalsectiondiscussestheresultsandgivestheconclusionstothepaper.

2.Objectives

Auniversalsystemmodelisneededfortraceabilityofkeydataforeachfoodproduct.Thissystemmodelshouldbeapplicableforvariousfoodproductionprocessesregardlessofthespecificappliedtechnologyforfoodprocessing.Thetraceabilitysystemshouldbebasedontechnologiesforautomaticidentification,suchasRFID

technologyand2Dbarcodesforcarryingdata.TheresearchobjectiveofthispaperisdeterminingthepossibilitiesofQRcodeapplicationfortraceabilityofkeydataforeachfoodproduct,byanalysisofQRcodereadabilitywithregardstodifferentcodecontent,sizeanderrorcorrectionlevel,aswellasdifferentbasematerialsforprintingthecode,andgeometricaldeformationsofthecode.

2.1.Foodtraceabilitysystem

RFID technology has many advantages for implementation in automatedidentificationandtraceabilitysystems,suchast