超详细中英图文对照汽车技术解析+机械专业英语词汇文档格式.docx
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车身
chassis
底盘
layout
布置
powerunit
动力装置
internalcombustionengine
内燃机
cylinder
汽缸
gasoline
汽油
spark
火花
ignition
点燃,点火
diesel
柴油机
compression
压缩
shaft
轴
transmission
传动系
sheetmetal
金属板
shell
外壳
hood
(发动机)罩
trunkdeck
行李舱盖
cargo
货物
styling
样式
assembly
总成,装配
suspension
悬挂,悬置
shock
冲击
steering
转向,操纵
brake
刹车,制动器
clutch
离合器
gearbox
变速器
driveshaft
传动轴
finaldrive
主减速器,后桥
differential
差速器
slowdown
(使)慢下来,减速
horn
喇叭
starter
起动机
charge
充电
alternator
交流发电机
ReviewQuestions
1.Listthemainpartsofanautomobile?
2.Whatarethecommontypesofavehicleaccordingtobodystyling?
3.Whichsystemsdoesachassisincludeandwhatarethemainfunctionsofthechassis?
4.Whyaresuspensionsystemsusedonvehicles?
CHAPTER2INTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINE内燃发动机
2.1principleofoperation发动机的工作原理/操作原理
2.1.1Engineandpower发动机与能量
Engineisusedtoproducepower.
发动机产生动能。
Thechemicalenergyinfuelisconvertedtoheatbytheburningofthefuelatacontrolledrate.Thisprocessiscalledcombustion.Ifenginecombustionoccurswiththepowerchamber,theengineiscalledinternalcombustionengine.Ifcombustiontakesplaceoutsidethecylinder,theengineiscalledanexternalcombustionengine.汽油燃料通过受控速度的燃烧讲自身的化学能转化为热能。
这个过程称作燃烧。
如果发动机的内燃在燃料室中发上,发动机被称作内燃发动机。
如果内燃发生在汽缸外,发动机则被称作外燃发动机。
Engineusedinautomobilesareinternalcombustionheatengines.汽车的发动机是内燃发动机。
Heatenergyreleasedinthecombustionchamberraisesthetemperatureofthecombustiongaseswiththechamber.Theincreaseingastemperaturecausesthepressureofthegasestoincrease.Thepressuredevelopedwithinthecombustionchamberisappliedtotheheadofapistontoproduceausablemechanicalforce,whichisthenconvertedintousefulmechanicalpower.燃烧汽缸中释放的热能将汽缸内的内燃其他温度升高。
气体温度的升高导致其他压强增大。
汽缸内的压强不断产生以用于活塞头产生可用的机械动力,随后转变成为有用的机械动能。
2.1.2EngineTerms发动机术语
Linkingthepistonbyaconnectingrodtoacrankshaftcausesthegastorotatetheshaftthroughhalfaturn.
连动杆将汽缸活塞与机轴联接起来,这种连接促使气体
Thepowerstroke“usesup”thegas,someansmustbeprovidedtoexpeltheburntgasandrechargethecylinderwithafreshpetrol-airmixture:
thiscontrolofgasmovementisthedutyofthevalves;
aninletvalveallowsthenewmixturetoenterattherighttimeandanexhaustvalveletsouttheburntgasafterthegashasdoneitsjob.Enginetermsare:
TDC(TopDeadCenter):
thepositionofthecrankandpistonwhenthepistonisfartherawayfromthecrankshaft.上止点
BDC(BottomDeadCenter):
thepositionofthecrankandpistonwhenthepistonisnearesttothecrankshaft.下止点
Stroke:
thedistancebetweenBDCandTDC;
strokeiscontrolledbythecrankshaft.冲程
Bore:
theinternaldiameterofthecylinder.内孔(汽缸的内直径)
Sweptvolume:
thevolumebetweenTDCandBDC.活塞排量
Enginecapacity:
thisisthesweptvolumeofallthecylindere.g.afour-strokehavingacapacityoftwoliters(2000cm)hasacylindersweptvolumeof50cm.发动机容积
Clearancevolume:
thevolumeofthespaceabovethepistonwhenitisatTDC.汽缸余隙容积
Compressionratio=(sweptvol+clearancevol)\(clearancevol)压缩率
Two-stroke:
apowerstrokeeveryrevolutionofthecrank.二冲程–曲柄旋转一圈作功一次。
Four-stroke:
apowerstrokeeveryotherrevolutionofthecrank.四冲程-曲柄旋转两圈作功一次。
2.1.3TheFour-strokeSpark-ignitionEngineCycle
Thespark-ignitionengineisaninternal-combustionenginewithexternallysuppliedinignition,whichconvertstheenergycontainedinthefueltokineticenergy.
Thecycleofoperationsisspreadoverfourpistonstrokes.Tocompletethefullcycleittakestworevolutionsofthecrankshaft.
Theoperatingstrokesare:
Thisstrokeintroducesamixtureofatomizedgasolineandairintothecylinder.Thestrokestartswhenthepistonmovesdownwardfromapositionnearthetopofthecylinder.Asthepistonmovesdownward,avacuum,orlow-pressurearea,iscreated.
Duringtheintakestroke,oneoftheportsisopenedbymovingtheinletvalve.Theexhaustvalveremainstightlyclosed.
Compressionstroke
Asthepistonmovesupwardtocompressthefuelmixturetrappedinthecylinder,thevalvesareclosedtightly.Thiscompressionactionheatstheair/fuelmixtureslightlyandconfinesitwithinasmallareacalledthecombustionchamber.
Powerstroke
Justbeforethepistonreachesthetopofitscompressionstroke,anelectricalsparkisintroducedfromasparkplugscrewedintothecylinderhead.
Thesparkignitesthecompressed,heatedmixtureoffuelandairinthecombustionchambertocauserapidburning.Theburningfuelproducesintenseheatthatcausesrapidexpansionofthegasescompressedwithinthecylinder.Thispressureforcesthepistondownward.Thedownwardstroketurnsthecrankshaftwithgreatforce.
Exhauststroke
Justbeforethebottomofthepowerstroke,theexhaustvalveopens.Thisallowsthepiston,asitmovesupward,topushthehot,burnedgasesoutthroughtheopenexhaustvalve.
Then,justbeforethepistonreachesitshighestpoint,theexhaustvalveclosesandtheinletvalveopens.Asthepistonreachesthehighestpointinthecylinder,knownasTDC,itstartsbackdownagain.Thus,onecycleendsandanotherbeginsimmediately.
2.1.4EngineOverallMechanics
Theenginehashundredsofotherparts.Themajorpartsofengineareengineblock,engineheads,pistons,connectingrods,crankshaftandvalves.Theotherpartsarejoinedtomakesystems.Thesesystemsarethefuelsystem,intakesystem,ignitionsystem,coolingsystem,lubricationsystemandexhaustsystem.Eachofthesesystemshasadefinitefunction.Thesesystemswilldiscussedindetaillater.
NEWWORD
Piston活塞
Connectingrod连杆
Crankshaft曲轴
Powerstoke活塞行程
Expel排出
Valve气阀
inlet(intake)valve进气阀
exhaustvalve排气阀
term术语
TDC上止点
BDC下止点
Bore缸径
sweptvolume有效容积
enginecapacity发动机排量
clearancevolume余隙容积,燃烧室容积
compressionratio压缩比
revolution旋转,转数
everyother每隔一个
cycle循环
spreadover分布,遍及
intakestroke进气行程
compressionstroke压缩行程
knock敲缸,敲打
exhauststroke排气行程
engineblock发动机缸体
lubrication润滑
2.2EngineBlockandCylinderHead
2.2.1
EngineBlock
Theengineblockisthebasicframeoftheengine.Allotherenginepartseitherfitinsideitorfastentoit.Itholdsthecylinders,waterjackets,andoilgalleries.Theengineblockalsoholdsthecrankshaft,whichfastenstothebottomoftheblock.Thecamshaftalsofitsinsidetheblock,exceptonoverhead-camengines(OHC).Inmostcars,thisblockismadeofgrayiron,oranalloy(mixture)ofgrayironandothermetals,suchasnickelorchromium.Engineblocksarecastings.
Someengineblocks,especiallythoseinsmallercars,aremadeofcastaluminum.Thismetalismuchlighterthaniron.However,ironwearsbetterthanaluminum.Therefore,thecylindersinmostaluminumenginesarelinedwithironorsteelsleeves.Thesesleevesarecalledcylindersleeves.Someengineblocksaremadeentirelyofaluminum.
2.2.2
CylinderHead
Thecylinderheadfastenstothetopoftheblock,justasarooffitsoverahouse.Theundersideformsthecombustionchamberwiththetopofthepiston.Themostcommoncylinderheadtypesarethehemi,wedge,andsemi-hemi.Allthreeofthesetermsrefertotheshapeoftheengine'
scombustionchamber.Thecylinderheadcarriesthevalves,valvespringsandtherockersontherockershaft,thispartofthevalvegearbeingworkedbythepush-rods.Sometimesthecamshaftisfitteddirectlyintothecylinderheadandoperatesonthevalveswithoutrockers.Thisiscalledanoverheadcamshaftarrangement.Likethecylinderblock,theheadismadefromeithercastironoraluminumalloy.
2.2.3
Gasket
Thecylinderheadisattachedtotheblockwithhigh-tensilesteelstuds.Thejointbetweentheblockandtheheadmustbegas-tightsothatnoneoftheburningmixturecanescape.Thisisachievedbyusingcylinderheadgasket.Thisisasandwichgasket,i.e.asheetofasbestosbetweentwosheetsofcopper,boththesematerialsbeingabletowithstandthehightemperatureandpressureswithintheengine.
2.2.4
OilPanorSump
Theoilpanisusuallyformedofpressedsteel.Theoilpanandthelowerpartofthecylinderblocktogetherarecalledthecrankcase;
theyenclose,orencase,thecrankshaft.Theoilpumpinthelubricatingsystemdrawsoilfromtheoilpanandsendsittoallworkingpartsintheengine.Theoildrainsoffandrunsdownintothepan.Thus,thereisconstantcirculationofoilbetweenthepanandtheworkingpartsoftheengine.
engineblock
缸体
cylinderhead
气缸盖
fasten
使固定
waterjacket
水套
oilgallery
油道
camshaft
凸轮轴
overhead-cam(OHC)
顶置凸轮
grayiron
灰铸铁
alloy
合金
nickel
镍
chromium
铬
casting
铸件
headcover
汽缸盖罩
intakemanifold
进气总管
distributor
分电器
oilpan
油底壳
al