英语议论文写作要点文档格式.docx
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二、议论文的写作步骤:
1.引言（introduction）．由于英语作文受时间，字数的限制．因此，在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题，并明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么，支援什么，反对什么．
2.主体段（mainbody）．主体段是议论的过程，作者必须有足够的证据．（adequateproofs）来论证自己的观点．一般可提出一个或两个proofs,并对此用一两句话分别进行阐述．
3.结论（conclusion）．结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章．同时要注意与引言段呼应，但不能照搬前面的原话．
例：
课本高二上P78第一封信
Tutorialcenterishelpful.
Ihavestudiedatatutorialcenterfortwoyears.MycommandofEnglishhasimprovedconsiderablysinceIstartedthiscourse.
Atmycenter,thefeesarereasonable.Mytutorsarequalifiedteachers.Ihavebeenhelpedalotbythem.Theyaresincereandkind.
OneofmyteacherswasBritish.Atfirst,Icouldnotsayanythingtoher.ButlaterIlearnedhowtocommunicateinEnglishwithawesterner.
IthinkthatthetutorialcenterhasgivenmealotofconfidenceinusingEnglish.
评注:
第一段提出论点,体现家教中心是helpful（段划线部分）,主体段分别从几个方面（划线部分）来阐述家教中心的确有帮助,结论段重申家教中心的作用（划线部分）,且语句表达与第一段中的不重复.
三、议论文的写作模式
1.议论文的类型
英语议论文根据命题特点，从形式上来看可分为如下类型:
①“一分为二”的观点．如“轿车大量进入家庭后，对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”
②“两者选一”的观点．如，期中考试作文题，“乘火车还是乘飞机”
③“我认为……”型．如“你对课外阅读的看法”
④“怎样……（howto）”型．如“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”．
⑤图表作文．通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法．
按照高二上学期的写作要求，学生主要应掌握①②两种类型的议论文的写作．在第①种类型中命题涉及某一事物或现象的正反两个方面：
通过正反两个方面的对比，得出结论是利大于弊，还是弊大于利．论证要围绕所要得出的结论来展开，若利大于弊，则有利的一面要多阐述一点．反之亦然．
在第②种类型中，命题要求在A或B两者之间作一比较或选择，两个对象往往各有优势，所以结论部分有两种情况：
a.要么支持A，要么支持B;
b.A、B优势均难的割舍，只好依情况而定在结论部分说清楚在什么条件选A,在什么条件选B．
下面重点介绍第①、②种类型议论文的写作模式.
2.“一分为二”观点的议论文模式
Introduction
第1段:
Nowadaysmoreandmorepeople．．．/．．．playsanimportantpartin．．．.likeeverythingelse, ．．．has/havebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects/bothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Generally,thefavorableaspects/advantagescanbelistedasfollows.
Mainbody
第2段：
Firstly,..Secondly,…Inaddition/What’smore…
第3段:
Everycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspects/disadvantagesarealsoapparent/obvious.Tobeginwith…;
Tomakemattersworse…;
Worseofall…
Conclusion
第4段:
Throughaboveanalysis/Allthingsconsidered,wecanseethatthepositiveaspects/advantagesoutweighthenegativeones/disadvantages.Therefore…
例文1.看电视的利与弊AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofwatchingTV
NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleliketowatchTV.SoTVplaysaveryimportantpartinourlife.ButwatchingTVhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.
Firstly,youcanexpandyourknowledgebywatchingTV.Asweallknow,learningthingsbyTVismuchfasterthanbylisteningtotheradioorjustbyreadingbooks.Forithascolorfulpicturesaswellaswonderfulmusic.
Secondly,youmayknowanybodyyouwanttoknowsuchasfamoussingers,superstars,scientistsandsoon.
What’smore,youcangoeverywherebytravelingprograms.Let’ssuppose,ifyouliketravelingverymuch,butyouhavetoworkonweekendsorholidays,youmustbeverysad.AndnowopenyourTVandit’lltakeyoutoanywhere.
Everycoinhastwosides.Thedisadvantagesarealsoobvious.Forexample,watchingtoomuchTVcaneasilybecomeshort-sighted,especiallyforchildrenandstudents.Tomakemattersworse,someyoungstudentsarekeenonwatchingTVsothattheygiveuptheirstudiesgradually.
Throughaboveanalysis,IthinkwatchingTVisawayofstudying,itisgoodforustowatchTV.ButwhenwewatchTV,weshouldmakeaplanotherwisewatchingTVwilldestroyourlife.
例文2.谈谈出国留学的利与弊Wheretoattendacollege
Nowadaysmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearegoingtostudyabroad.Likeeverythingelse,studyingabroadhasbothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.Generally,thefavorableaspectscanbelistedasfollows.
Firstly,theythinkbyattendingacollegeinaforeigncountrytheycanlearnnotonlyusefulknowledge,butalsothecultureandcustomsofothernations.Secondly,theycantakeadvantageofthisopportunitytogainagoodcommandoftheforeignlanguagetheyarelearningveryquickly.Moreover,theycanmeetdifferentpeopleandexperiencedifferentcultures,whichmayhelptobroadentheirviews.
Everycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Thecostsaremuchhigherthanthoseintheirnativecountry.Mostoverseasstudentshavetoworkforaliving,whichcan’tallowthemtopayalltheirattentiontostudy.What’smore,theymayfeelverylonely.
Throughaboveanalysis,wecanseethatthepositiveaspectsoutweighthenegativeones.Therefore,Iaminfavorofgoingabroadtostudy.
写作练习：
①谈谈校服（schooluniforms）.
提示：
近年来，越来越多的中小学要求穿校服．对此引发了学生中由对这个问题的讨论，请写一片英语短文阐述你的观点．
Reference:
someofthemainargumentsforandagainstschooluniforms.
FOR
1.Studentslookneatandtidy.
2.Thepublicknowswhichschoolyouarefrom.
3.Parentsallpaythesamemoney.
4.Studentsdon’tworryaboutfashions.
5.Teacherscanidentifystudentsonschooltrips.
AGAINST
1.Uniformsareexpensive.
2.Childrengrowfast,neednewuniforms.
3.Someuniformsareveryuncomfortable.
4.Studentsalllookthesame,can’tbeindividuals.
5.Getboredwithsameclotheseveryday.
②说广告（aboutadvertisement）.
有人说广告在现代社会是很重要，有人认为广告的促销成分太多，你认为……
3.“两者选一”观点的议论文模式
模式⑴:
A、B两者优劣势分析,要么选A,要么选B.
Somepeopleholdtheopinionthat（A）issuperiorto（B）inmanyways.Others,however,arguethat（B）ismuchbetter.Personally,Iwouldprefer（A）becauseIthink（A）hasmoreadvantages.
TherearemanyreasonswhyIprefer（A）.Themainreasonisthat…Anotherreasonisthat…（赞同A的原因）
Ofcourse,choosing（B）alsohasadvantagestosomeextent,（列出1~2个B的优势）
Butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,（A）ismuchbetterthan（B）.fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthat…（总结观点）
例文:
Whichisbetter?
Carsorbikes?
Somepeopleholdtheopinionthatprivatecarsaresuperiortobicyclesinmanyways.Others,however,arguethatthebicycleismuchbetter.Personally,IwouldprefertheuseofcarsbecauseIthinkcarshavemoreadvantages.
TherearemanyreasonswhyIprefercars.Themainreasonisthatcarsbringconvenienceandmobilitytotheowners.What’smore,acarisfarmorecomfortabletotravelin,especiallyinthechangeableweather.Anotherreasonisthat,whenmorepeoplebuycars,theautomobileindustrywilldevelopmorequickly.Thegrowthoftheautomobileindustrycanmotivatetheriseofotherrelatedindustriessuchasironandsteelproduction.
Ofcourse,bicyclescantakeyoutoanywhereyoulikeintownanddoesnotneedalargeparkingplace.Besides,itisnotasexpensiveasacarandthereforeeveryfamilycanaffordtobuy.
Butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,carsaremuchbetterthanbicycles.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthatpeoplecanlivebetterwiththeuseofcars.
模式⑵:
A、B优势相当,依情况而定,有条件地选择A或B.
Whichwouldyoupreferifyouarefacedwiththechoicebetween（A）and（B）?
Beforeyoumakethedecision,youhadbettermakeaclosecomparison.
Itistruethat（选择A的优势之一）.Itisalsotruethat（选择A的优势之二）.But（选择A的劣势）.
Though.（选择B的劣势）,（选择B的优势之一）.Furthermore,（选择B的优势之二）.
Therefore,ifyou…,youshouldchoose（A）,butifyou…,youshouldchoose（B）.（总结观点,提出建议）
Listeningtotheradioorreadingthenewspapers?
Whichwouldyoupreferifyouarefacedwiththechoicebetweenlisteningtotheradioandreadingthenewspapers?
Itistruethatlisteningtotheradioisquickandconvenient.Itisalsotruethatwecanlistentotheradiowhilearedoingsomethingelse.Sowecansavealotoftime.Butradioprogramshavetheirowntimeschedule.Youcannotgettheinformationyouneedeverytimeyouturnonyourradio.
Thoughnewspapersarenotasquickasradio,readingfromthenewspapercancertainlybringusnewsmoreclearlyandmoreexactly.Furthermore,whilereading,wehavetimetothinkaboutwhatwearereading,tojudgeit,toanalyzeit,andthenwewillbemoreawareofitscauseandeffect.
Wearelivinginaninformationage.Wehavetomakefulluseoftheinformationwecangetifwearetoachieveourgoals.
Therefore,ifwewanttogetthelatestnews,wecanlistentotheradio,butifwewanttogettheexactwords,we’dbetterreadthenewspaper.
写作练习:
①健康与财富（HealthandWealth）
提示:
健康与财富哪个更重要一直是一个热门话题（hottopic）,请简述你的观点.
②哪里住更好（Wheretolive?
）
有的人喜欢往城里挤,有的人喜欢往乡下搬.各有所好,孰是孰非,你以为如何?
参考文献:
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