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4.must+perfectinfinitiveusedtoexpress“affirmativedeductionaboutpastactions”
may/mightaswellusedwiththesecondpersonpronounexpressing“suggestions”
e.g.1)Shemusthavegonetothelanguagelab.
2)Youmay/mightaswellusemybike.
PreparatoryQuestions
Directions:
Recastthefollowingsentencesusingthefollowingphrases:
1.“wouldhavelikedto(do)”
Notice:
wouldhavelikedto(do) is usedwiththefirstpersontoexpressthespeaker’swishthatwasnotfulfilled.
1)IintendedtogoskatingwithyouyesterdaybutIcouldn’tbecausemymotherdidn’tletme.
(Response:
Iwouldhavelikedtogoskatingwithyouyesterday,butmymotherdidn’letme.)
2)ImeanttositinonProfessorWang’sclassthismorningbutIdidn’tbecauseIhadanimportantmeetingtoattend.
IwouldhavelikedtositinonProfessorWang’sclassthismorning,butIhadanimportantmeetingtoattend.)
3)IintendedtotakepartinthebasketballmatchyesterdayafternoonbutIcouldn’t
becauseIhadabadfallyesterdaymorning.
Iwouldhavelikedtotakepartinthebasketballmatchyesterdayafternoon,butIhadabadfallyesterdaymorning.)
4)Iplannedtolendyoumycassetterecorder,butIdidn’t,becauseitwasoutoforder.
Iwouldhavelikedtolendyoumycassetterecorder,butitwasoutof
order.)
2.should/oughtto+perfectinfinitive
should/oughtto+perfectinfinitive,indicatingapastobligationthatwasnotfulfilled
1)Theexhibitionwasagoodone.AllofusvisiteditexceptJohn.
:
Johnshould/oughttohavecomewithus.)
2)Wealllearnedalotfromthelecture,butLididn’tattendit.
Lioughtto/shouldhaveattendedthelecture.)
3)Theengineerwenttotheresearchinstitutewithoutanumbrellaandwascaughtintherain.
Theengineeroughtto/shouldhavetakenanumbrellawithhim.)
4)TheyboughtabookforMarybutshedidn’tlikeit.
Theyoughtn’tto/shouldn’thaveboughtthebookforMary.)
needn’t+perfectinfinitive
needn’t+perfectinfinitive,indicatingsomethingthatwasunnecessarilydoneinthepast
1)Iwroteasummaryinmorethanfivehundredwords.Buttheteacheronlyaskedfor
200words.
Ineedn’thavewrittensuchalongsummary.)
2)Linansweredallthetenquestionsinthetestpaper.Butwewereonlyrequiredto
answereightofthem.
Linneedn’thaveansweredallthetenquestionsinthetestpaper.)
3)Marywenttothestationanhourbeforethetrainstarted.
Maryneedn’thavegonetothestationsoearly.)
4)Yaocarriedalltheparcelshomeherself.Shedidn’tknowtheywoulddeliverthemifsheaskedthem.)
Yaoneedn’thavecarriedalltheparcelshomeherself.Theywouldhave
deliveredthemifshehadaskedthem.)
3.may/might+perfectinfinitive
may/might+perfectinfinitive,indicatingspeculationsaboutpastactions
1)WhereisSusan?
Iwanttogotothecanteenwithher.
Shemay/mighthavegonetherealready.)
2)It’safortnightsinceSunwenttotheSouthandwehaven’tgotawordfromhim.I
wonderifhe’sforgottenusall.
Hemay/mighthavebeenverybusywithhisworkthere.)
3)Sidtoldmehe’dletmehavethelibrarybookafterhe’dfinishedwithit.It’saweek
sincehesaidthatandhestillhasn’tgivenmethebook.
Hemay/mighthavereturnedthebooktothelibrary.//Hemay/mightnothavefinishedreadingityet.)
4)I’vebeenlookingformybicyclekeyforthreedays,andit’sstillnowheretobefound.
Youmay/mighthavelostit.)
can’t/couldn’t+perfectinfinitive
can’t/couldn’t+perfectinfinitive,indicatingnegativedeductionaboutpastactions
Thefirstpartoftheresponsecanbegiventothestudentsasaprompt.
1)Whereismytypewriter?
Someonemusthavestolenitlastnight.
Itwashereamomentago.Itcouldn’thavebeenstolenlastnight.)
2)Keithoughttobeherenow.Perhapshe’slosthisway.
ItoldhimhowtocomeandIevendrewhimamap.Hecan’thavelosthisway.)
3)Whobroughttherefrigeratorupstairs?
PerhapsitwasTim.
Tim’snotthatstrong.Hecouldn’thavebroughtitbyhimself.)
4)Amanansweredthephone.Isupposeitwasherhusband.
Butherhusbandhasn’tcomebackfromabroadyet.Itcouldn’thavebeenherhusband.)
4.must+perfectinfinitive
must+perfectinfinitive,indicatingaffirmativedeductionaboutpastactions
1)Thefilmhesawlastnightwaswonderful.
Hemusthaveenjoyedseeingit.)
2)Helookstired,doesn’the?
Hemusthaveworkedhard./Hemusthavestayeduplatelastnight.)
3)Thechildrenweremakingalotofnoiseuntilfiveminutesago.Nowitissoquiet.
Thechildrenmusthavegoneaway.)
4)Jameshascheckedallthefigurestwiceover,buthecan’tgetthecorrectanswer.
Jamesmusthavemadeamistakesomewhere.)
5.may/mightaswell
may/mightaswell,usedwiththesecondpersonpronountoexpressthespeaker’s
suggestion(s)
1)Iamsoexhaustedafterwork.
Youmay/mightaswellgotosleep.)
2)I’mnotfeelingwell.IthinkI’vegotacold.
Beingsoweak,youmay/mightaswellseeadoctor.)
3)ItistoohotforKarenandmetogoforapicnic.
Whydon’tyouchangeittoanotherday?
Youmay/mightaswellgotoa
movietoday.)
4)Nickwon’ttakeuptheadditionalwork.Hejustwantstodohispart.
Youmay/mightaswellaskLucytodoit.Togetaheadonherjob,sheis
willingtotrynewthings.)
DialoguePollutionControl
A.Listeningtotherecording
B.Questionsonthedialogue
1.WhyisLondonnolongeracityfulloffog?
2.WhatisthecauseofairandwaterpollutioninthecitywhereAlives?
3.Whatproblemsdocarbring?
4.WhatshouldbedonetobringpollutioninChinacompletelyundercontrol?
5.DoyouthinkthatenvironmentalpollutioninChinahasbeeneffectivelyreduced?
Ifso,pleasecitesomefactsorexamples.
C.LanguagePoints
1.Itmustbeterriblelivingthere.—Livingtheremustbeterrible.Theintroductoryitisaformalsubject,whereasthe-ingparticiplelivingistherealsubject.Anotherexample,
e.g.Itisgreatfunboatingonthelake.
2.theCleanAirAct—ThiswastheresultoftherecommendationsmadebytheBeaverCommitteewhichwassetuptoinquireintothequestionofurbanpollutioninBritain.ThecommitteewassonamedbecauseitschairmanwasSirHughBeaver.
3.enforcev.giveemphasisorstrengthtosth.加强;
makesth.(alaw)obeyedoreffectivebyforce强迫服从,实施;
forceorcausesth.tobedoneortohappen迫使(某事)发生
e.g.1)Mikemustprovideenoughexamplestoenforcehisargument.
2)Youhavenorighttoenforceyourownviewsonme.
3)Thegovernmentisunabletoenforceitsownlawsandregulations.
4.theThames/temz/isswarmingwithfish—theRiverThamesisfulloffishthatmoveaboutbusily.Thenamesofriversareprecededbythedefinitearticlethe,e.g.,theYangziRiver,theYellowRiver,theHudsonRiver,theRiverMississippi.
e.g.1)Eachsummertheswimmingpoolswarmswithpeople.
2)Thattownisalwaysswarmingwithtouristsfromallovertheworld.
5.double:
twiceasmuchorasmanyasusual;
成双的,双重的,两倍的a.n.v.
adoublebed/roomat/onthedouble迅速地,立即地;
以跑步方式
e.g.1)Thebosswillgivehimdoublepayforworkingovertime.
2)Thedatehadadoublesignificance.
3)You’dbetterbedoublecarefulwhencrossingthestreet.
4)ThepopulationofJapandoublesthatofCanada.
5)Thechildbirthrateinthatareahasdoubled.
6.tormentn.extremesuffering,especiallymentalsuffering;
apersonorthingthatcausesthis.痛苦,折磨v.
e.g.1)Loveisasweettorment.
2)Davidhasneversufferedthetormentofrejection.
3)Theynevertormentthemselvesoreachotheroverimperfections.
7.treatmentdevices—devicesusedtotreatsmoke,dust,andwaterpollution治理三废设备
e.g.1)Thetelevisionreceiverisanelectronicdevice.
2)Sendingadvertisingbyemailisveryeffectivemarketingdevice.
3)Hisillnessismerelyadevicetoavoidseeinghisgirlfriend.
8.residentiala.containingorsuitableforprivatehouses;
connectedwithorbasedonresidence住宅的,与居住有关的
e.g.1)Graduallythesurroundingfarmlandturnedintoresidentialareas.
2)Itisaniceresidentialsection,equippedwithmodernconveniences.
residenta.居住的;
n.居民,居住者
residencen.居住,住宅
residev.居住,定居
9.irritatev.makeab.angry,annoyedorimpatient激怒,使烦躁;
causediscomfortto(apartofbody)使不舒服,刺激
e.g.1)Ourfaultsirritateusmostwhenweseetheminothers.
2)Hereffusivemannerofgreetingherfriendsfinallybegantoirritatethem.
3)Thesetightshoesirritatemytoes.
10.moreandmorepeoplehavecometoknowhowharmful...—moreandmorepeoplebegintoknowhowharmful...Theinfinitiveaftertheverbcomeexpressesanaction