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TransportationResearchPartA:

PolicyandPractice,第115卷,2018,页码：

63-70

译文字数：

7000多字

原文

Theeffectsofride-hailingcompaniesonthetaxicabindustryinLas

Vegas,Nevada

SethContreras,AlexanderPaz

Abstract

Ride-hailing,orride-sourcing,companiescontinuetopenetratethegrowingmarketoftransportation-for-hireservicesinmajormetropolitancitiesallacrosstheglobe,bothrevolutionizingtravelandredefiningtheconceptofthetaxicabexperience.Sincethefallof2015,LasVegas,Nevada,wasaddedtotheever-growinglistofmetropoliseswithsuchride-hailingcompanies（RHCs）.Forcitieswhoseeconomiesarebuiltpredominatelyonthefoundationsoftourism,questionsinevitablyhavebeenraisedregardingtheeffectsthatRHCshaveontheirrespectivetransportationsystemoperators,inparticular,thetaxicabindustry.InLasVegas,servicessuchasUber（UberTechnologiesInc.）andLyft（L）competedirectlywiththetaxicabindustryforriderswithintheresortcorridorandacrossthevalley.Inthisstudy,a

multinomiallinear regressionanalysis used a

multi-modal,time-seriestraveldatasettoestimatetheeffectsofRHCsontaxicabridership.Aftercontrollingforanumberofexplanatoryvariables,includingthetotalnumberofmonthlyvisitors,transitridership,ride-hailingtripcountsto/fromtheairportandseveralothersocioeconomicindicators,theresultsshowedthatRHCsdoinfacthaveanegative,andsignificant,effectontaxicabridership.Aperhapsmoreprofoundandcounterintuitivefindinghoweverwasthattransitridershipalongtheresortcorridoractuallycomplements（ratherthancompeteswith）taxiridership;

thiscouldhavesignificantimplicationsmovingforward.

1.Introduction

Ride-hailingalsoknownasride-sourcing,ride-sharing,vehicle-for-hire,oron-demandrideservices—istheactofrequestingaridefromaprivatepassengervehiclebymeansoftheportalofawebapplication（orapp）fromahandheldsmartphone.Thistypeofsystemissetupandmanagedbyride-hailingcompanies（RHCs）,suchasUber,Lyft,orDiDi.Ultimately,theseRHCsserveasthebrokerbetweentheriderequestorandthedriver,whooperatesandmaintainshis/herownprivatevehicle;

servicesincludeassigninganavailabledrivertotherequestedtripandhandlingallelectronicchargesandtransactionfees.Ride-hailingserviceshavegrownexponentiallyinpopularityoverthepastfouryears,providingservicetoamajorityofmetropolitanregionsspanningover66countries.Almostovernight,theservicehasinstantaneouslyredefinedthetaxicabindustrywithitsuser-friendlyplatform,whichincludesaddedconvenience,easeofpayment,completedoor-to-doorservice,minimalwaittimes,andcomparativelylowout-of-pocketcost.

Itwouldbedisingenuous,however,nottomentionthemagnitudeofcontroversythathassurroundedRHCssincetheirinitialconception,andtheongoinglitigationbattlesamongtaxicabunions,statelawmakers,countycommissions,andlocalcitycouncilsregardingregulatorystatutesimposedonride-sourcingcompanies.Theoppositionarguesthatsuchaserviceisnodifferentfromtaxis,andthatRHCsshouldbeheldtothesameoperatingrequirementsandregulationsastaxicompanies,includinglicensing,fareregulation,andvehicleanddriversafetystandardsinordertomaintainanequalandfairplayingfield.ConsideringthatthisparticularissueregardingRHCsalreadyhasbeencloselyexamined（Schaller,2007,Kahn,1988,Rayleetal.,2014,CohenandShaheen,2016,Shaheenetal.,2016）,thisstudyattemptstoavoidanyfurtherdialogueconcerningthelegalityofride-hailingservices.Instead,thisstudyfocusesontheeffectsthatsuchnewservicemayhaveonthecompetitorsofRHCs,specificallythetaxicabindustryinLasVegas,Nevada.

Theoriginsofride-hailingcandatebacktoasearlyasthe1950s,

whencar-sharingclubsfirstemergedintheUnitesStates（ChanandShaheen,2012）.Bythe1990s,whenreal-time,ride-sourcingprojectsfailedprematurelyduetothelackofawidespreadpresenceofaworldwide communications web network,

ortelecommunicationplatformsforthatmatter（i.e.,theinternetandsmartphones）.In2011,Uber,formallycalledtheUberCab（UberTechnologies,Inc.）,becamethefirstcommercializedride-hailingserviceintheSanFranciscoBayarea,followedbyLyft（LyftCompany）inthesummerof2012;

thesetwoservicesofficiallyintroduceddirectcompetitiontothetraditionalride-hailingservicesprovidedbytaxis.

Currently,bothservices（UberandLyft）areavailableinLasVegas,Nevada,andcanbeidentifiedeasilybythestickerwiththecompany'

slogoattachedtotheinsideofthefrontwindshieldofthevehicle.Inotherpartsoftheworld,suchRHCsmayhavelimitedaccessorarerestrictedaltogetherfromenteringairportpick-upanddrop-offterminals,includingthepotentialofbeingassessedafee.However,UberandLyftvehiclesareallowedtoenterthedeparturesandarrivalsterminalsatMcCarranInternationalAirportinLasVegas,andareassignedtodesignatedareastherein,whichhavesignageindicatingwherewithintheterminalsride-hailingservicesmaydropofforpickuppassengers.

Today,thenamesUberandLyftessentiallyhavebecomehouseholdnames.Thesuddenandrapidgrowthoftheseride-hailingservicespresentstransportationprofessionalsandacademicscholarswithnewopportunitiesandchallengesinareasofscientificanalysisthathaveyettobeexploredfromplanning,engineering,andpolicyperspectives.Someoftheimportantquestionsthatmaybehypotheticallyposedincludethefollowing.

Althoughtheprimaryobjectiveofthisstudyistomeasuretheeffectsthatride-hailingserviceshavehadonthetaxicabindustrysincebeingintroducedtoLasVegasinthefallof2015（question1above）,thefourremainingquestionswillbefurtherelaboratedoninthefinalanalysisoftheresultsandconclusionssections.Thiswasdonebycontrollinganumberofmeasuredtransportationvariables.Usingacomprehensivesetoftime-seriesdata-includingmonthlytransitridership,averagedailyhighwaytrafficcounts,airportvisitorvolumesANDride-hailingcountsto/fromtheairport—alongwithseveralothereconomicexplanatoryindicators,amultinomial,linearregressionmodelwasdevelopedthattreatedtaxicabridershipinLasVegasasthedependentvariable.Theride-hailingtripvolumeswerecollectedattheairportthanksinparttotheregion'

slegislativepolicythatrequireseveryRHCdrivertoregisterwiththecitybypurchasinganoperatinglicense（whichisequippedwithauniqueelectronicidentifier）.

Withtheobservedgrowingpopularity,inconjunctionwiththecontinuousexponentialevolutionofride-hailingservicesacrossthenation,itisvitalfortransportationagenciesandpolicymakersaliketofullyunderstand,fromallangles,theobservedeffectsandimplicationstothetransportsystemasaresultofnewlyaddedoperators.Thisstudycanhelpassistdecisionmakersinascertainingevenfurthertheextentoftheride-hailingindustryandsomeoftheeffects,bothpositiveandnegative,thatcouldbeexpectedforareassimilartoLasVegas.Theseincludemetropolitanareasandeconomiesthatreceiveasignificantnumberofdomestictravelersandinternationaltouristsonanannualbasis.

Theensuinganalysisanddiscussionisonlythetipoftheiceberg,sotospeak,withregardtoride-hailingservices.Itisanobligationofthosewhohavetheabilitytoconductsuchtechnicalanalysestoobserve,measure,quantify,andestimatethedataaswellasdrawobjectiveconclusionsandrecommendationsforthoseinchargeofmakingthedecisionsthataffecthowatransportationsystemoperatesandfunctions.

2.Literaturereview

Dr.SusanShaheen,Co-DirectoroftheTransportationSustainabilityResearchCenterattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,bestsummarizesthecurrentatmosphereoftheride-hailingindustrybyconciselylabelingthemovementasthe'

SharingEconomy'

（TransportationandSharingEconomy,2014）.Withtheever-evolvingcar-sharingandbike-sharingmarketssproutingacrosstheglobe（Shaheenetal.,2009,Shaheenetal.,2013）,combinedwiththegrowingpercentageofindividualswhoownpersonalsmartphones,ride-hailingservicesenhancesthisSharingEconomy,byinstigatinganoverhaulofboththepublictransit（Murphy,2016）andtaxicabindustries（SunandEdara,2015,BetweenPublicandPrivateMobility,2016）.Inaninterceptsurveyconductedin2014byShaheenetal.intheSanFranciscobayarea（Rayleetal.,2014）,respondentswereaskedtoreportontheirride-hailingtravelexperiences,andtheresultswerecomparedtotaxitripdatamatchedfromaprevioustaxi-usersurvey.Theirfindingsshowedthatalthoughride-hailingandtaxissharedsimilaritiesinoverallfunctionality,waittimesforride-hailingforthesurveyrespondentsweresignificantlyshorterandmoreconsistentthanthoseoftaxis.AccordingtothesurveybyShaheenetal.,themajorityoftravelersutilizedaride-hailingserviceduetoeaseofpayment,whichispaidelectronicallyusinganappandcreditedafterthetrip;

thisisincontrasttoatypicaltaxiride,whichrequiresthepassengertopaythedrivercashorgivethemaphysicalcredit/debitcard.Inaddition,theoveralldoor-to-doortraveltimewaslesswhencomparedtotraditionaloptionsfortaxisandpublictransit,includingtheaddedconvenienceofavoidingtheneedtofindparkingatthedestination,andimprovedtravelreliabilityandsafety.

Akeyfindingofa2016studypublishedbytheAmericanPublic

TransportationAssociation（APTA）onsharedmobility（Murphy,2016）wasthatsharedmobilityactuallycomplementspublictransit,especiallyfor