托福TPO真题阅读The origins of cetaceans答案解析文档格式.docx
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l答案及题目解析
Key:
1.B2.A3.C4.C5.A6.B7.D8.D9.B10.C11.D12.B13-14.125
题目解析:
1.Inparagraph1,whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthepresenceofablowholeincetaceans?
(FactualInformationQuestion)
A.Itclearlyindicatesthatcetaceansaremammals.
B.Itcannotconcealthefactthatcetaceansaremammals.
C.Itisthemaindifferencebetweencetaceansandland-dwellingmammals.
D.Itcannotyieldcluesabouttheoriginsofcetaceans.
相关原句:
Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceof
aflukeandblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithlanddwellingmammals.(Paragraph1)
本题解析:
cannotdisguise…意为“不能掩盖…”,因此“thepresenceofblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithlanddwellingmammals”意思是“具有blowhol(出气孔)并不能掩盖这一事实:
鲸类动物和陆栖哺乳动物有姻亲关系(affinities)”;
B选项中cannotconcea(不能隐藏)l恰好与cannotdisguise相吻合,并指出鲸类动物是哺乳动物的事实,因此选择B。
正确答案:
B
2.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutearlyseaotters?
(InferenceQuestion)
A.Itisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlike
B.Thereweregreatnumbersofthem.
C.Theylivedintheseaonly.
D.Theydidnotleavemanyfossilremains.
However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealionsandwalruseswhoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),
itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.(Paragraph1)
unlike意为“与…不同”,itisnoteasytoenvision意为“不容易设想…”。
本句为转折,即“与海獭(seaotters)不同,人们很难想象最初鲸类的样貌”,因此逻辑取非得出“seaotters的样貌不难想象”,选择A。
A
3.Thewordpreciousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(VocabularyQuestion)
A.Exact
B.Scarce
C.Valuable
D.Initial
Althoughlimitedtoaskull,thePakicetusfossilprovidespreciousdetailsontheoriginsofcetaceans.(Paragraph3)
precious意为“珍贵的,有价值的”,后文种种由该化石得出的科研结论也表明P化石极有科学价值,与valuable同意。
因此选择C。
C
4.Pakicetusandmoderncetaceanshavesimilar(FactualInformationQuestion)
A.Hearingstructures
B.Adaptationsfordiving
C.Skullshapes
D.Breedinglocations
Thefossilconsistsofacompleteskullofanarchaeocyte,anextinctgroupofancestorsofmoderncetaceans.(Paragraph3)
根据原句得出P化石与现代鲸类的祖先(archaeocyte)拥有同样的完整头骨(acompleteskull),可推出P与现代鲸类头骨应该类似。
此题亦可用排除法:
A.“Theskulliscetacean-likebut
itsjawboneslacktheenlargedspace
thatisfilledwithfatoroilandusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodernwhales.Pakicetusprobablydetectedsoundthroughtheearopeningasinlandmammals.”该句指出P化石的颚骨(jawbones)缺少鲸类动物拥有的由脂肪和油脂填充的扩充性空间(enlargedspace
thatis…),听力构造不同,并猜测它应该通过耳孔(theearopening)接受声音,排除A。
B.“Theskullalsolacksablowhole,anothercetaceanadaptationfordiving.”该句明确指出P头骨缺少出气孔(blowhole),同鲸类潜水构造不同,排除B。
D.Itprobablybredandgavebirthonland.关于P在何处繁殖尚无定论,文章猜测(probably)在陆地(givebirthonland),排除D。
5.Theworditinthepassagerefersto(ReferenceQuestion)
A.Pakicetus
B.Fish
C.Life
D.ocean
IthasbeensuggestedthatPakicetusfedonfishinshallowwaterandwasnotyetadaptedforlifeintheopenocean.Itprobablybredandgavebirthonland.(Paragraph3)
科学家猜测Pakicetus可能靠浅水区鱼类为食并尚未适应海洋生活,由此得出“很可能在陆地繁殖”的主体“it”正是指Pakicetus。
因此选A。
6.Thewordexposedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(VocabularyQuestion)
A.Explained
B.Visible
C.Identified
D.Located
Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnowexposedintheSaharadesert.(Paragraph4)
原句中“leftbytheTethysSea”修饰sediments(沉积物),即B骨架发现于T海遗留的沉积物中;
exposed则意为“暴露在”,相当于uncovered,Askeletonthatisuncoveredcanbeseen,Visible就相当于canbeseen.
7.ThehindlegofBasilosauruswasasignificantfindbecauseitshowedthatBasilosaurus(FactualInformationQuestion)
A.LivedlaterthanAmbulocetusnatans
B.LivedatthesametimeasPakicetus
C.Wasabletoswimwell
D.Couldnothavewalkedonland
Manyincompleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte,acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.(Paragraph4)
“Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland”,即B骨架的后肢太小以至于不能支撑其巨大身躯在陆地生活。
“Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.”文章接着指出,B绝对是完全的海洋生物,其后肢很可能已不再具有实用功能。
因此,后肢(hindleg)之所以是重大发现正是因为它向人们表明Basilosaurus不可能生活在陆地且一定为海洋生物,选择D。
注意C选项为迷惑选项,文章中hindleg只说明Basilosaurus不能在陆地生活,并未说明它擅长游泳(swimwell);
注意文中特别指出hindlegs是possiblynonfunctional,orvestigial(退化的,发育不良的),所以它更不可能支持B游泳了。
D
8.ItcanbeinferredthatBasilosaurusbredandgavebirthinwhichofthefollowinglocations(InferenceQuestion)
A.Onland
B.Bothonlandandatsea
C.Inshallowwater
D.Inamarineenvironment
Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.(Paragraph4)
段落结尾已明确指出“Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhale”(Basilosaurus是进化完全的海洋鲸类),因此B的一切活动都必然在海洋中,包括繁殖。
选择D。
9.WhydoestheauthorusethewordluckilyinmentioningthattheAmbulocetusnatansfossilincludedhindlegs?
(VocabularyQuestion)
A.Fossillegsofearlywhalesareararefind.
B.Thelegsprovidedimportantinformationabouttheevolutionofcetaceans.
C.Thediscoveryallowedscientiststoreconstructacompleteskeletonofthewhale.
D.Untilthattime,onlythefrontlegsofearlywhaleshadbeendiscovered.
Thefossilluckilyincludesagoodportionofthehindlegs.Thelegswerestrongandendedinlongfeetverymuchlikethoseofamodernpinniped.Thelegswerecertainlyfunctionalbothonlandandatsea.(Paragraph5)
luckily意为“幸运地”,称其“幸运”是就A化石的科学价值而言:
因为它具有agoodportionofthehindleg(比例完整的后肢),从而使科学家推出“Thelegswerecertainlyfunctionalbothonlandandatsea”(A动物为水陆两栖)。
综上,正是由于legs提供了重要的科学信息,人们才称它luckily,因此选择B。
10.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
(SentenceSimplificationQuestion)
A.EventhoughAmbulocetusswambymovingitsbodyupanddown,itdidnothaveabackbone.
B.ThebackboneofAmbulocetus,whichallowedittoswim,providesevidenceofitsmissingfluke.
C.AlthoughAmbulocetushadnofluke,itsbackbonestructureshowsthatitswamlikemodernwhales.
D.Bymovingtherearpartsoftheirbodiesupanddown,modernwhalesswiminadifferentwayfromthewayAmbulocetusswam.
Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.(Paragraph5,highlightedsentence)
对此句理解应结合其上一句“Thewhaleretainedatailandlackedafluke,themajormeansoflocomotioninmoderncetaceans”,该句指出A化石缺少了现代鲸类水中驱动的构造fluke.接着本句“ThestructureofthebackboneshowsAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhaleseventhoughaflukewasmissing”指出:
“虽然缺少fluke,A化石的背骨结构(thestructureofthebackbone)说明它正是像现代鲸类一样游泳。
11.Thewordpropulsioninthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(VocabularyQuestion)
A.Stayingafloat
B.Changingdirection
C.Decreasingweight
D.Movingforward
Thelargehindlegswereusedforpropulsioninwater.(Paragraph5)
propulsion意为“驱动”,文中指Ambulocetusnatans在水中向前游动,从前一句中“Ambulocetusswamlikemodernwhales”也可推断propulsion与swim相关,应为“向前游动”,因此选择D。
12.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.
(InsertTextQuestion)
Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.
Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?
Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.■(A)Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?
■(B)Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.■(C)Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.■(D)In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.(Paragraph1)
插入句中“thisisaquestion”可以推出该句之前应恰好提出了问题,而B处之前“Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?
”正与插入句相呼应,因此选择B。
13-14.Directions:
Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
(ProseSummaryQuestion)
Thispassagediscussesfossilsthathelptoexplainthelikelyoriginsofcetaceanswhales,porpoises,anddolphins.
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