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本文系小马过河论坛原创文章,转载请注明出处

l答案及题目解析

Key:

1.B2.A3.C4.C5.A6.B7.D8.D9.B10.C11.D12.B13-14.125

题目解析:

1.Inparagraph1,whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthepresenceofablowholeincetaceans?

(FactualInformationQuestion)

A.Itclearlyindicatesthatcetaceansaremammals.

B.Itcannotconcealthefactthatcetaceansaremammals.

C.Itisthemaindifferencebetweencetaceansandland-dwellingmammals.

D.Itcannotyieldcluesabouttheoriginsofcetaceans.

相关原句:

Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceof

aflukeandblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithlanddwellingmammals.(Paragraph1)

本题解析:

cannotdisguise…意为“不能掩盖…”,因此“thepresenceofblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithlanddwellingmammals”意思是“具有blowhol(出气孔)并不能掩盖这一事实:

鲸类动物和陆栖哺乳动物有姻亲关系(affinities)”;

B选项中cannotconcea(不能隐藏)l恰好与cannotdisguise相吻合,并指出鲸类动物是哺乳动物的事实,因此选择B。

正确答案:

B

2.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutearlyseaotters?

(InferenceQuestion)

A.Itisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlike

B.Thereweregreatnumbersofthem.

C.Theylivedintheseaonly.

D.Theydidnotleavemanyfossilremains.

However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealionsandwalruseswhoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),

itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.(Paragraph1)

unlike意为“与…不同”,itisnoteasytoenvision意为“不容易设想…”。

本句为转折,即“与海獭(seaotters)不同,人们很难想象最初鲸类的样貌”,因此逻辑取非得出“seaotters的样貌不难想象”,选择A。

A

3.Thewordpreciousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(VocabularyQuestion)

A.Exact

B.Scarce

C.Valuable

D.Initial

Althoughlimitedtoaskull,thePakicetusfossilprovidespreciousdetailsontheoriginsofcetaceans.(Paragraph3)

precious意为“珍贵的,有价值的”,后文种种由该化石得出的科研结论也表明P化石极有科学价值,与valuable同意。

因此选择C。

C

4.Pakicetusandmoderncetaceanshavesimilar(FactualInformationQuestion)

A.Hearingstructures

B.Adaptationsfordiving

C.Skullshapes

D.Breedinglocations

Thefossilconsistsofacompleteskullofanarchaeocyte,anextinctgroupofancestorsofmoderncetaceans.(Paragraph3)

根据原句得出P化石与现代鲸类的祖先(archaeocyte)拥有同样的完整头骨(acompleteskull),可推出P与现代鲸类头骨应该类似。

此题亦可用排除法:

A.“Theskulliscetacean-likebut

itsjawboneslacktheenlargedspace

thatisfilledwithfatoroilandusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodernwhales.Pakicetusprobablydetectedsoundthroughtheearopeningasinlandmammals.”该句指出P化石的颚骨(jawbones)缺少鲸类动物拥有的由脂肪和油脂填充的扩充性空间(enlargedspace

thatis…),听力构造不同,并猜测它应该通过耳孔(theearopening)接受声音,排除A。

B.“Theskullalsolacksablowhole,anothercetaceanadaptationfordiving.”该句明确指出P头骨缺少出气孔(blowhole),同鲸类潜水构造不同,排除B。

D.Itprobablybredandgavebirthonland.关于P在何处繁殖尚无定论,文章猜测(probably)在陆地(givebirthonland),排除D。

5.Theworditinthepassagerefersto(ReferenceQuestion)

A.Pakicetus

B.Fish

C.Life

D.ocean

IthasbeensuggestedthatPakicetusfedonfishinshallowwaterandwasnotyetadaptedforlifeintheopenocean.Itprobablybredandgavebirthonland.(Paragraph3)

科学家猜测Pakicetus可能靠浅水区鱼类为食并尚未适应海洋生活,由此得出“很可能在陆地繁殖”的主体“it”正是指Pakicetus。

因此选A。

6.Thewordexposedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(VocabularyQuestion)

A.Explained

B.Visible

C.Identified

D.Located

Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnowexposedintheSaharadesert.(Paragraph4)

原句中“leftbytheTethysSea”修饰sediments(沉积物),即B骨架发现于T海遗留的沉积物中;

exposed则意为“暴露在”,相当于uncovered,Askeletonthatisuncoveredcanbeseen,Visible就相当于canbeseen.

7.ThehindlegofBasilosauruswasasignificantfindbecauseitshowedthatBasilosaurus(FactualInformationQuestion)

A.LivedlaterthanAmbulocetusnatans

B.LivedatthesametimeasPakicetus

C.Wasabletoswimwell

D.Couldnothavewalkedonland

Manyincompleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte,acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.(Paragraph4)

“Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland”,即B骨架的后肢太小以至于不能支撑其巨大身躯在陆地生活。

“Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.”文章接着指出,B绝对是完全的海洋生物,其后肢很可能已不再具有实用功能。

因此,后肢(hindleg)之所以是重大发现正是因为它向人们表明Basilosaurus不可能生活在陆地且一定为海洋生物,选择D。

注意C选项为迷惑选项,文章中hindleg只说明Basilosaurus不能在陆地生活,并未说明它擅长游泳(swimwell);

注意文中特别指出hindlegs是possiblynonfunctional,orvestigial(退化的,发育不良的),所以它更不可能支持B游泳了。

D

8.ItcanbeinferredthatBasilosaurusbredandgavebirthinwhichofthefollowinglocations(InferenceQuestion)

A.Onland

B.Bothonlandandatsea

C.Inshallowwater

D.Inamarineenvironment

Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.(Paragraph4)

段落结尾已明确指出“Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhale”(Basilosaurus是进化完全的海洋鲸类),因此B的一切活动都必然在海洋中,包括繁殖。

选择D。

9.WhydoestheauthorusethewordluckilyinmentioningthattheAmbulocetusnatansfossilincludedhindlegs?

(VocabularyQuestion)

A.Fossillegsofearlywhalesareararefind.

B.Thelegsprovidedimportantinformationabouttheevolutionofcetaceans.

C.Thediscoveryallowedscientiststoreconstructacompleteskeletonofthewhale.

D.Untilthattime,onlythefrontlegsofearlywhaleshadbeendiscovered.

Thefossilluckilyincludesagoodportionofthehindlegs.Thelegswerestrongandendedinlongfeetverymuchlikethoseofamodernpinniped.Thelegswerecertainlyfunctionalbothonlandandatsea.(Paragraph5)

luckily意为“幸运地”,称其“幸运”是就A化石的科学价值而言:

因为它具有agoodportionofthehindleg(比例完整的后肢),从而使科学家推出“Thelegswerecertainlyfunctionalbothonlandandatsea”(A动物为水陆两栖)。

综上,正是由于legs提供了重要的科学信息,人们才称它luckily,因此选择B。

10.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

(SentenceSimplificationQuestion)

A.EventhoughAmbulocetusswambymovingitsbodyupanddown,itdidnothaveabackbone.

B.ThebackboneofAmbulocetus,whichallowedittoswim,providesevidenceofitsmissingfluke.

C.AlthoughAmbulocetushadnofluke,itsbackbonestructureshowsthatitswamlikemodernwhales.

D.Bymovingtherearpartsoftheirbodiesupanddown,modernwhalesswiminadifferentwayfromthewayAmbulocetusswam.

Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.(Paragraph5,highlightedsentence)

对此句理解应结合其上一句“Thewhaleretainedatailandlackedafluke,themajormeansoflocomotioninmoderncetaceans”,该句指出A化石缺少了现代鲸类水中驱动的构造fluke.接着本句“ThestructureofthebackboneshowsAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhaleseventhoughaflukewasmissing”指出:

“虽然缺少fluke,A化石的背骨结构(thestructureofthebackbone)说明它正是像现代鲸类一样游泳。

11.Thewordpropulsioninthepassageisclosestinmeaningto(VocabularyQuestion)

A.Stayingafloat

B.Changingdirection

C.Decreasingweight

D.Movingforward

Thelargehindlegswereusedforpropulsioninwater.(Paragraph5)

propulsion意为“驱动”,文中指Ambulocetusnatans在水中向前游动,从前一句中“Ambulocetusswamlikemodernwhales”也可推断propulsion与swim相关,应为“向前游动”,因此选择D。

12.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.

(InsertTextQuestion)

Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.■(A)Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?

■(B)Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.■(C)Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.■(D)In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.(Paragraph1)

插入句中“thisisaquestion”可以推出该句之前应恰好提出了问题,而B处之前“Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?

”正与插入句相呼应,因此选择B。

13-14.Directions:

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

(ProseSummaryQuestion)

Thispassagediscussesfossilsthathelptoexplainthelikelyoriginsofcetaceanswhales,porpoises,anddolphins.

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