山东科技大学跨文化交际课文重点整理.docx

山东科技大学跨文化交际课文重点整理.docx

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山东科技大学跨文化交际课文重点整理

Unit1InterculturalCommunicationintheGlobalContext

TextAInterculturalCommunicationinaGlobalSociety

Objectives

Bytheendofthislesson,youwillbeabletoknowthat

1）thesocietywearelivinginbecomesmorecomplex,diverse,divisiveandglobal;

2）competitionoccursatdifferentsociallevels;

3）Americans,aswellasothernations,arefacingincreasingcommunicationacrossculturesbothdomesticallyandinternationally;

4）whatinterculturalis,andwhatmulticulturalis;

5）theimpactsofculturaldifferencesonpeople;

6）whatinterculturalcommunicationisandwhyweshouldlearnit.

PartI:

para.1-5introductionofwhytolearnIC

Para.1-2Weliveinanincreasinglycomplex,diverse,divisive,andglobalsociety.

para.1entertainmentmediafilledwiththespiritofcompetition

para.2newsmediabombardeduswithpoliticalissueshighlightcompetitionandconflictinthepoliticalsystem

Para.3-4conflictwithinournation

para.3politicalsophisticationandpolorizationwithinournation

para.4Reasons

（1）differingopinionsabouttheroleweshouldplayinworldaffairs.

（2）whyitisimportanttostudyinternationalrelationshipinassociationwithIC.

Para.5Americansarefacedwithchallengesrelatedtocommunicationacrossculturesbothdomesticallyandinternationally.

PartII:

para.6-9definitionsofmulticulturalandintercultural

Para.6whatismulticulturalandwhatisintercultural?

multiculturalreferstonationsthathavediverseculturalgroups,usuallyasaresultofimmigration,whileinterculturalreferstothediversityamongseparatenations.

Para.7-8whatismulticulturalismanditsimplementation

multiculturalismreferstotheviewthatimmigrantsshouldpreservetheirculturesandthatallthedifferentcultureswithinastateshouldinteractpeacefully;allculturalgroupsshouldbetreatedwithrespectasequals.

Para.7-8whatismulticulturalismanditsimplementation

E.g.

theU.S:

fromameltingpottoasaladbowl

Canada:

dualcitizenship

Australia:

SpecialBroadcastingService

Para.9applicationofintercultural

PartIII:

para.10theimpactsofculturaldifferences

Culturaldifferenceshavethepotentialtoleadtomisunderstanding,miscommunication,dispute,andevenconflict.Sometimesdiverseculturalgroupswithinanationwillcomeintoconflictwithoneanother

culturaldifferencescanalsoopenupopportunitiesforcollaboration,cooperation,andlearning.

PartIV:

para.11-12interculturalcommunicationanditsdevelopment

Communicationisasymbolicprocessbywhichpeoplesharedmeanings.Interculturalcommunicationoccurswhenpeoplecreatingsharedmeaningshavedifferentculturalperspectivesandvalues.Typically,itisthedifferingworldviewsofmembersofdifferentculturesthatmakeinterculturalcommunicationchallenging.Interculturalcommunicationmayoccurbetweenindividuals;itoccurswhenyoutravelabroadandtalkwithsomeoneinaculturethatisdifferentfromyourown.Interculturalcommunicationmayalsooccurbetweengroupsofpeopleorwithinnations

PartV:

para.13differentperspectivesonstudyingIC

1）Internationalstudies:

theroleofcommunicationinsoftpowerisessentialtomaintainingpeaceinaregion.

2）Politicalscience:

internationalrelationsisdirectlyconcernedwiththeroleofinterculturalcommunicationinthepoliticalrelationsamongnations.

3）Psychology.

4）Linguistics

5）Sociology:

interculturalcommunicationasoneofmanysocialfactors.

6）Anthropology

7）Comparativeliterature

8）Education:

preparingstudentstofunctioninaglobalsocietyandwithmulticulturalissuesintheclassroom.

9）Technicalcommunication:

preparationofdocumentationthatcanmeettheneedsofdiverseaudiencesinternationallyandontheuseofcommunicationtechnologiesacrossculturesandhistory.

Unit2UnderstandingsofCultureandCommunication

Backgroundinformation

Characteristicsofculture

Learned,Unconscious,Subjecttochange,Transmitted,Symbolic,Integrated,Adaptive

1）Cultureislearnedconsciouslyorunconsciously:

（enculturation）

**throughProverbs,Folktales,Myths,andlegends

**throughArte.g.BeijingOpera

**throughMassMedia

2）Mostpartofcultureisunconscious

Cultureisaniceberg

Explicit:

Wayofdoingthings（10%）

Behaviour,Traditions,Artefacts–buildings,clothes,artetc.

Tacit:

Wayofthinking（90%）

Beliefs,Attitudes,Perceptions,Values

3）Cultureissubjecttochange

4）Cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration

5）Cultureisbasedonsymbols

6）Cultureisintegrated

7）Cultureisadaptive（acculturation）

TextA:

TheConceptofCulture

Objectivesofthelesson

1.toknowthatpeoplefromdifferentculturesinteractmoreoftenthaneverbefore,butmisunderstandingsevenconflictscausedintheprocessofthisinteractionalsogrowincreasingly

2.tolearnthatthereisnoagreementamonganthropologistsandscholarsregardingthenatureofculture

3.tofindoutwhatiscultureinanthropologists’viewandwhatculturesmeansinnonscientificusage

4.totellwhatconceptpeopleshareonculture

5.todistinguishone’sculturalidentity

PartI（para1-2）:

whatiscultureinanthropologists’view

Anthropology:

thescientificstudyofpeople,society,andculture.

1.Althoughthetermcultureisusedbymostofthesocialsciencestoday,overtheyearsithasreceiveditsmostpreciseandthoroughdefinitionfromthedisciplineofanthropology.

2.Innonscientificusage,thetermculturereferstopersonalrefinementssuchasclassicalmusic,thefinearts,worldphilosophy,andgourmetcuisine.

3.Allpeoplehaveculture,accordingtotheanthropologicaldefinition.Thestralianaborigines,livingwithabareminimumoftechnology,areasmuchculturalanimalsasYo-YoMaandBaryshnikov.Thus,fortheanthropologist,projectilepoints,creationmyths,andmudhutsareaslegitimateitemsofcultureasaBeethovensymphony,aWarholpainting,andaSondheimmusical.

PartII（para3-5）:

somedefinitionsofculturewhichsayessentiallythesamethingandthecomponentsofcultureareintimatelyconnected.

1.Infact,intheoften-citedworkbyAlfredKroeberandClydeKluckhohn,morethan160differentdefinitionsofculturewereidentified.Thisshouldnotleadtotheconclusionthatanthropologyisachaoticbattlegroundwherenoconsensusexistsamongpracticinganthropologists.

2.Somedefinitions:

1）AccordingtoTylor,cultureis“thatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety”.

2）Morerecently,culturehasbeendefinedas“amentalmapwhichguidesusinourrelationstooursurroundingsandtootherpeople”

3）Perhapsmostsuccinctlyas“thewayoflifeofapeople”.

4）Wewilldefinetheconceptofcultureas“everythingthatpeoplehave,think,anddoasmembersofasociety.”

3.Althoughweclassifythesecomponentsofculture,weshouldnotconcludethattheyareunrelated.Infact,thecomponentsaresointimatelyconnectedthatitisfrequentlyhardtoseparatetheminreallife.

4.theculturalprocessofwritinginvolvesanintimateknowledgeofthethreefundamentalcomponentsofculture:

thingsorartifacts,ideasandknowledge,andpatternsofbehavior.

PartIII（para6-7）:

thesymbolicfunctionofculture

1.Perhapsthemostfundamentalaspectofculture,andwhatmakeshumansuniqueintheanimalworld,isthecapacitytosymbolize.

2.itistruethatallhumanbehaviorbeginswiththeuseofsymbols.

3.AsLeslieWhitestatedsoeloquently,theabilitytosymbolizeisthesinglemostimportanthallmarkofhumanity.

4.Itisthesharedmeaningofoursymbolsthatenablesustointeractwithoneanotherwiththeleastamountofambiguityandmisunderstanding.

PartIV（para8-10）:

somemisunderstandingsaboutculture

1.Ineverydayterminology,thetermraceoftenisusedasasynonymforculture.Butanthropologistsconsiderthesetobetwoverydifferentconcepts.Aracereferstoaninterbreedingpopulationwhosemembersshareanumberofimportantphysicaltraitswithoneanother,suchasbloodtypes,eyecolorandshape,skincolor,andhairtexture,tomentionjustafew.Bywayofcontrast,culturereferstoournon-biologicalandnon-geneticcharacteristics.

2.Anotherpopularmisunderstandinginvolvestheconfusionbetweencultureandcivilization.theconceptsofcivilizationandculturearenotinterchangeable.

Whileallcivilizationsarecultures,notallculturesarecivilizations.

PartV（para11-12）:

Furtherexplanationsondefinitionsofculture

1.Thelastphraseinourworkingdefinition—asmembersofasociety—shouldremindusthatcultureisasharedphenomenon.Forathing,idea,orbehaviorpatterntoqualifyasbeingcultural,itmusthaveameaningsharedbymostpeopleinasociety.Itisthissharednatureofculturethatmakesourliveslesscomplicated.Becausepeopleshareacommonculture,theyareabletopredict,withinlimits,howotherswillthinkandbehave.

2.Infact,theuncertaintyoneexperienceswhentryingtooperateinanunfamiliarcultureoftenleadstoCultureShock,aformofpsychologicaldistressthatcanresultindepression,overeating,orirritability.

3.Cultureisnottransmittedgenetically.Rather,itisacquiredthroughtheprocessoflearningorinteractingwithone’sculturalenvironment.Thisprocessofacquiringcultureafterweareborniscalledenculturation.Weacquireourculture（ideas,valuesandbehaviorpatterns）bygrowingupinit.

4.Whenaninfantisborn,heorsheentersaculturalenvironmentinwhichmanysolutionsalreadyexisttotheuniversalproblemsfacingallhumanpopulations.Thechildmerelyneedstolearnorinternali