月大学英语四级真题及答案第一套Word格式文档下载.doc

月大学英语四级真题及答案第一套Word格式文档下载.doc

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SectionA

Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Whensomeonecommitsacriminalact,wealwayshopethepunishmentwillmatchtheoffense.Butwhenitcomestooneofthecruelestcrimes--animalfighting--things26workoutthatway.Dog-fightingvictimsare27andkilledforprofitand"

sport,"

yettheircriminalabusersoftenreceivea28sentenceforcausingalifetimeofpain.Roughlyhalfofallfederally-convictedanimalfightersonlygetprobation（缓刑）.

Someprogresshasbeenmadeintheprosecution（起诉）ofanimalfighters.ButfederaljudgesoftenrelyheavilyontheU.S.SentencingGuideLineswhenthey29penalties,andinthecaseofanimalfighting,thoseguidelinesareoutdatedandextremely30

TheU.S.SentencingCommission,which31thesesentencingguidelines,isrevisitingthem,proposingtoraisetheminimumsentencefrom6-12to21-27months.Thisisastepintheright32,butwe'

dliketoseetheU.S.SentencingCommissionmakefurtherchangestotheguidelines.

Alongwiththiseffort,we'

reworkingwithanimaladvocatesandstateandfederallawmakersto33anti-crueltylawsacrossthecountry,aswellassupportinglawsandpoliciesthatassistoverburdenedanimal34thatcareforanimalfightingvictims.Thishelpis35importantbecausethehighcostofcaringforanimalvictimsisamajorfactorthatpreventspeoplefromgettinginvolvedincrueltycasesinthefirstplace.

A.convenient

B.creates

C.critically

D.determine

E.direction

F.hesitate

G.inadequate

H.inspired

I.method

J.minimal

K.rarely

L.shelters

M.strengthen

N.sufferings

O.tortured

SectionB

Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

WhenWorkBecomesaGame

A）Whatmotivatesemployeestodotheirjobswell?

Competitionwithcoworkers,forsome.Thepromiseofrewards,forothers.Pureenjoymentofproblem-solving,foraluckyfew.

B）Increasingly,companiesaretappingintothesedesiresdirectlythroughwhathascometobeknownas"

gamification"

:

essentially,turningworkintoagame."

Gamificationisaboutunderstandingwhatitisthatmakesgamesengagingandwhatgamedesignersdotocreateagreatexperienceingames,andtakingthoselearningsandapplyingthemtoothercontextssuchastheworkplaceandeducation,"

explainsKevinWerbach,agamificationexpertwhoteachesattheWhartonSchoolofBusinessattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaintheUnitedStates.

C）Itmightmeanmonitoringemployeeproductivityonadigitalleaderboardandofferingprizestothewinner,orgivingemployeesdigitalbadgesorstarsforcompletingcertainactivities.Itcouldalsomeantrainingemployeeshowtodotheirjobsthroughvideogameplatforms.CompaniesfromGoogletoL'

Oré

altoIBMtoWellsFargoareknowntousesomedegreeofgamificationintheirworkplaces.Andmoreandmorecompaniesarejoiningthem.Arecentreportsuggeststhattheglobalgamificationmarketwillgrowfrom$1.65billionin2015to$11.1billionby2020.

D）Theconceptofgamificationisnotentirelynew,Werbachsays.Companies,marketersandteachershavelonglookedforfunwaystoengagepeople'

sreward-seekingorcompetitivespirits.CrackerJackshasbeen"

gamifying"

itssnackfoodbyputtingasmallprizeinsideformorethan100years,headds,andtheturn-of-the-centurysteelmagnate（巨头）CharlesSchwabissaidtohaveoftencomeintohisfactoryandwrittenthenumberoftonsofsteelproducedonthepastshiftonthefactoryfloor,thusmotivatingthenextshiftofworkerstobeatthepreviousone.

E）Buttheword"

andthewidespread,consciousapplicationoftheconceptonlybeganinearnestaboutfiveyearsago,Werbachsays.Thanksinparttovideogames,thegenerationnowenteringtheworkforceisespeciallyopentotheideaofhavingtheirworkgamified."

Weareatapointwhereinmuchofthedevelopedworldthevastmajorityofyoungpeoplegrewupplayingvideogames,andanincreasinglyhighpercentageofadultsplaythesevideogamestoo,"

Werbachsays.

F）Anumberofcompanieshavesprungup--GamEffective,BunchbailandBadgeville,tonameafew--inrecentyearsofferinggamificationplatformsforbusinesses.Theplatformsthataremosteffectiveturnemployees'

ordinaryjobtasksintopartofarichadventurenarrative."

Whatmakesagamegame-likeisthattheplayeractuallycaresabouttheoutcome,"

Werbachsays."

Theprincipleisaboutunderstandingwhatismotivatingtothisgroupofplayers,whichrequiressomeunderstandingofpsychology."

G）Somepeople,Werbachsays,aremotivatedbycompetition.Salespeopleoftenfallintothiscategory.Forthem,therightkindofgamificationmightbeturningtheirsaiespitchesintoacompetitionwithotherteammembers,completewithadigitalleaderboardshowingwhoiswinningatalltimes.Othersaremoremotivatedbycollaborationandsocialexperiences.OnecompanyWerbachhasstudiedusesgamificationtocreateasenseofcommunityandboostemployees'

morale（士气）.Whenemployeeslogintotheircomputers,they'

reshownapictureofoneoftheircoworkersandaskedtoguessthatperson'

sname.

H）Gamificationdoesnothavetobedigital.MonicaCornettirunsacompanythatgamifiesemployeetrainings.Sometimesthisinvolvestechnology,butoftenitdoesnot.Sherecentlydesignedagamificationstrategyforasaiestrainingcompanywithastorm-chasingtheme.Employeesformed"

stormchaserteams"

andcompetedinstorm-themededucationalexercisestoearnvariousrewards."

Rewardsdonothavetobestuff,"

Cornettisays."

Rewardscanbeflexibleworkinghours."

Anothertraining,thisoneforpayrolllaw,usedaSnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarfstheme."

SnowWhite"

isavailableforeveryonetouse,butthe"

dwarfs"

arestillundercopyright,soCornettiinventedsound-alikecharacters（GrumpyGus,DopeyDan）toillustratespecificpayrolllawprinciples.

I）Somepeopledonottakenaturailytogamifiedworkenvironments,Cornettisays.Inherexperience,peopleinpositionsofpowerorpeopleinfinanceorengineeringdonottendtolikethesoundoftheword."

Ifwearedesigningforengineers,I'

mnottalkingabouta'

game'

atall,"

Cornettisays."

I'

mtalkingabouta'

simulation'

（模拟）,I'

mtalkingabout'

beingabletosolvethisproblem.'

"

J）Gamificationis"

notamagicbullet,"

Werbachwarns.Agamificationstrategythatisnotsufficientlythoughtthroughorwelltailoredtoitsplayersmayengagepeopleforalittlewhile,butitwillnotmotivatepeopleinthelongterm.Itcanalsobeexploitative,especiallywhenusedwithvulnerablepopulations.Forworkers,especiallylow-paidworkers,whodesperatelyneedtheirjobsyetknowtheycanbeeasilyreplaced,gamificationmayfeelmoreliketheHungerGames.WerbachgivestheexampleofseveralDisneylandhotelsinAnaheim,Caiifornia,whichusedlargedigitalleaderboardstodisplayhowefficientlylaundryworkerswereworkingcomparedtooneanother.Someemployeesfoundtheboardmotivating.Toothers,itwastheoppositeoffun.Somebegantostoptakingbathroombreaks,worriedthatiftheirproductivityfelltheywouldbefired.Pregnantemployeesstruggledtokeepup.InaLosAngelesTimesarticle,oneemployeereferredtotheboardasa"

digitalwhip."

Itactuallyhadaverynegativeeffectonmoraleandperformance,"

K）Still,gamificationonlystandstobecomemorepopular,hesays,"

asmoreandmorepeoplecomeintotheworkforcewhoarefamiliarwiththestructuresandexpressionsofdigitaigames."

Wearefarfromreachingthepeak,"

Cornettiagrees."

Thereisnoreasonthiswillgoaway."

36.Somefamouscompaniesarealreadyusinggamificationandmorearetryingtodothesame.

37.Gamificationisnotamiraclecureforallworkplacesasitmayhavenegativeresults.

38.Toenhancemorale,onecompanyasksitsemployeestoidentifytheirfellowworkerswhenstartingtheircomputers.

39.Theideaofgamificationwaspracticedbysomebusinessesmorethanacenturyago.

40.Thereisreasontobelievethatgamificationwillbeheretostay.

41.Videogamescontributedinsomewaystothewideapplicationofgamification.

42.Whenturningworkintoagame,itisnecessarytounderstandwhatmakesgamesinteresting.

43.Gamificationinemployeetrainingdoesnotalwaysneedtechnology.

44.Themostsuccessfulgamificationplatformstransformdailyworkassignmentsintofunexperiences.

45.Itisnecessarytousetermsotherthan"

forsomeprofessions.

SectionC

Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreach